zooholdings集團

『壹』 國際頂級域名有哪些

1、.com（適用於各種用途，但大多數還是用於在線業務)

2、.e（通常用於教育機構）

3、.net（適用范圍很廣，從網路公司到個人項目）

4、.org（通常用於非營利組織）

5、.co（用於公司）

6、.biz（用於公司名字）

一直以來，以.COM、.NET、.ORG為代表的域名占據了通用頂級域名市場的前三位 ，尤其是. COM域名更以2200萬的注冊數量名列榜首，盡管. COM域名還處在不斷增長的階段，但簡單好用的. COM域名早已被搶注一空，甚至出現了非法搶注域名的事件。

(1)zooholdings集團擴展閱讀：

發展歷程

說域名歷史最早應該從1984年說起，因為1984年正式引入了DNS（域名解析伺服器），並開始提供大家熟悉的.net、.com、.gov等叫域名的東東。

世界上第一個被注冊的域名就是Nor.net，是1985年1月被人注冊的，第二個才是.com的，1985年3月15日，Symbolics.com被人注冊。說句題外話，過去.net比.com「吃香」，如網易最早就是用.net域名的，.com只是保護性注冊了。

域名剛剛開始的那幾年，申請者寥寥無幾。直到1993年，WWW這個東東出現以後，人們才感到了「域名」的重要性，域名才開始「吃香」。

『貳』 全球游戲軟體公司排名是

全球游戲(或相關)公司集團的市值排名,這並不是非常官方的數據，只是一些國外的相關玩家跟據資料統計出來的排名，大家可以看到蘋果傲視群雄排名第一，中國的騰訊以414億美金排名第6。

Market Values as of Nov. 12th Market Close.(截止到11月12日的收盤情況)

1.USA (NASDAQ: AAPL) 蘋果 - $281.40B

2.USA (NASDAQ: MSFT) 微軟. - $227.33B

3.USA (NYSE: IBM) International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) - $178.58B

4.USA (NASDAQ: INTC) Intel Corp. - $119.88B

5.USA (NYSE: DIS) 華特迪斯尼集團- $72.20B

6.CHN (SEHK: 700) 騰迅. - $41.46B

7.JPN (TYO: 7974) 任天堂. - $35.95B

8.USA (NYSE: TWX) 時代華納 - $34.10B

9.JPN (TYO: 6758) 索尼集團 - $33.10B

10.USA (NYSE: VIAB) Viacom, Inc. - $23.69B

11.USA (NASDAQ: ATVI) 動視暴雪 - $14.08B

12.KOR (KRX: 035420) NHN Corp. - $8.05B

13.USA (NASDAQ: NVDA) Nvidia Corp. - $7.61B

14.USA (NYSE: HAS) Hasbro, Inc. - $6.38B

15.CHN (NASDAQ: NTES) 網易 - $5.34B

16.USA (NASDAQ: ERTS) EA集團 - $5.23B

17.USA (NYSE: AMD) Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) - $5.20B

18.KOR (KRX: 036570) NCsoft Corp. - $4.70B

19.JPN (TYO: 6460) Sega Sammy Holdings Inc. - $4.59B

20.CHN (NASDAQ: SNDA) 盛大集團 - $2.82B

21.JPN (TYO: 9766) Konami Corp. - $2.60B

22.JPN (TYO: 7832) Namco Bandai Holdings Inc. - $2.39B

23.JPN (TYO: 9684) Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. - $2.19B

24.CHN (NYSE: GA) 巨人集團 - $1.57B

25.CHN (NASDAQ: PWRD) 完美世界. - $1.24B

26.FRA (Euronext: UBI) Ubisoft Entertainment SA - $1.22B

27.JPN (TYO: 9697) Capcom Co., Ltd. - $997.28M

28.USA (NASDAQ: TTWO) Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. - $944.11M

29.KOR (KOSDAQ: 095660) Neowiz Games Corp. - $932.20M

30.JPN (TYO: 7867) Takara Tomy Co., Ltd. - $741.67M

31.JPN (TYO: 3635) Tecmo Koei Holdings Co., Ltd. - $532.25M

32.JPN (TYO: 6737) Eizo Nanao Corp. - $460.82M

33.FRA (Euronext: GFT) GameLoft SA - $450.47M

34.JPN (TYO: 3715) Dwango Co., Ltd. - $379.29M

35.USA (NASDAQ: THQI) THQ Inc. - $289.33M

36.CHN (NASDAQ: CYOU) 暢游時代數碼 - $281.62M

37.KOR (KOSDAQ: 037150) CJ Internet Corp. - $271.06M

38.KOR (KOSDAQ: 069080) Webzen Inc. - $254.03M

39.CHN (SEHK: 700) 網龍集團 - $229.00M

40.JPN (TYO: 3765) GungHo Online Entertainment Inc. - $222.45M

41.CHN (NASDAQ: NCTY) 第九城市 - $153.33M

42.JPN (JASDAQ: 4835) Index Holdings Co., Ltd. - $147.71M

43.JPN (JASDAQ: 4822) Hudson Soft Co., Ltd. - $91.89M

44.FRA (Euronext: ATA) Atari SA - $90.11M

45.JPN (TYO: 3838) AQ Interactive Inc. - $71.01M

46.JPN (TYO: 4728) Tose Co., Ltd. - $46.86M

47.JPN (JASDAQ: 6736) Sun Corp. - $44.42M

48.JPN (JASDAQ: 4334) Yuke's Co., Ltd. - $42.91M

49.JPN (JASDAQ: 3760) Cave Co., Ltd. - $40.25M

50.NOR (OSE: FUNCOM) Funcom NV - $37.23M

51.USA (NASDAQ: ZOOG) Zoo Entertainment, Inc. - $33.27M

52.ITA (BIT: DIB) Digital Bros SPA - $26.01M

53.USA (NASDAQ: COOL) Majesco Entertainment Company - $25.62M

54.JPN (TYO: 3723) Nihon Falcom Corp. - $23.79M

55.JPN (TYO: 3785) Eighting Co., Ltd. - $21.73M

56.JPN (TYO: 7844) Marvelous Entertainment Inc. - $17.19M

57.JPN (JASDAQ: 2706) Broccoli Co., Ltd. - $11.89M

58.USA (OTCBB: SOPK) SouthPeak Interactive Corp. - $11.55M

59.USA (OTCBB: IPLY) Interplay Entertainment Corp. - $8.59M

60.AUT (ATX: JWD) JoWooD Entertainment AG - $8.21M

61.JPN (JASDAQ: 3851) Nippon Ichi Software Inc. - $7.47M

『叄』 zoo牌是什麼

是這個嗎 ？？你看下。

ZARA是西班牙Inditex集團(股票代碼ITX)旗下的一個子公司，它既是服裝品牌，也是專營ZARA品牌服裝的連鎖零售品牌。1975年設立於西班牙的ZARA隸屬於Inditex集團為全球排名第三、西班牙排名第一的服裝商，在世界各地56個國家內，設立超過兩千多家的服裝連鎖店。ZARA深受全球時尚青年的喜愛，設計師品牌的優異設計價格卻更為低廉，簡單來說就是讓平民擁抱High Fashion。

Inditex是西班牙排名第一，超越了美國的GAP、瑞典的H&M成為全球排名第一的服裝零售集團。截至2013年10月31日它在全球86個國家和地區開設了6249家專賣店，旗下共有8個服裝零售品牌，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。在全球86個國家擁有1808家專賣店（自營專賣店佔90%，其餘為合資和特許專賣店）。盡管ZARA品牌的專賣店只佔Inditex公司所有分店數的三分之一，但是其銷售額卻占總銷售額的66%左右。

ZARA第一家門店於1975年在西班牙拉科魯尼亞（LA Coruña）開設，目前已擁有1,900多家店遍布世界87個市場主要城市的商業中心。ZARA在國際上的成功清楚地表明時裝文化無國界。憑借一支擁有200多名專業人士的創作團隊，ZARA的設計過程緊跟大眾口味。

『肆』 不及估值一半，頭部自動駕駛企業Zoox「賣身」亞馬遜

近日，亞馬遜官方發表聲明稱，其已經與Zoox簽訂了收購協議，這一傳聞已久的收購案塵埃落定。雖然亞馬遜尚未透露此次收購的具體金額和細節，但是英國《金融時報》稱，收購金額超過12億美元。

?

另一方面，也是很重要的一點，自動駕駛領域未來可期。根據瑞銀集團的一份報告，到2030年，全球自動駕駛計程車市場的價值可能超過2萬億美元，自動駕駛汽車的大規模普及可能會對許多現有行業帶來重大提振作用。所以，亞馬遜在這個時候「抄底」Zoox，也是對未來前景做出的投資。

就自動駕駛領域而言，2020年將會是充斥著無休止的收購傳聞的一年。從自動駕駛頭部企業陷入困境到最終被亞馬遜收購，這意味著不管是載人還是載物，自動駕駛技術走向成熟仍然長路漫漫，此次疫情勢必會加速行業淘汰賽的到來。另一方面，在落地環節，自動駕駛企業除了需要與傳統車企或者科技公司合作，以解決產品端問題，在應用場景方面也需要找到相匹配的需求方。

文/孫莉莉

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本文來源於汽車之家車家號作者，不代表汽車之家的觀點立場。

『伍』 中國境外上市公司有哪些

1、阿里巴巴。

2014年9月19日，阿里巴巴在美國成功上市。23日上午，胡潤研究院發布《胡潤百富榜》，阿里巴巴董事局主席馬雲以1500億元身家成功登頂中國首富。

2、京東。

美國當地時間2014年5月22日，京東在納斯達克正式掛牌上市，股票代碼為「JD」，開盤報價為21.75美元，較發行價19美元上漲14.47%，市值達到約297億美元。

3、愛奇藝。

2019年2月22日晚間，愛奇藝交出了在美上市後的首份成績單，2018財年，愛奇藝實現營收250億元人民幣，同比增長52%。受該消息影響，美股開盤後，愛奇藝股價大漲。

4、網路。

北京時間2005年8月5日晚11點40分，中文搜索網路在美國納斯達克股票市場正式掛牌上市，成為納市第22隻中國概念股。幾個小時之後，這個納市的新面孔便改寫了中國股的江湖位次，發行價27美元的網路，上市當天便以66美元高開，並直線上闖至151.21美元，收盤於122.54美元。

5、騰訊音樂。

2018年12月12日，騰訊音樂娛樂集團（簡稱騰訊音樂）在美國紐約證券交易所上市，開盤價為每股13美元，最終報收每股14美元，較發行價上漲7.69%。

『陸』 i.t和double park 和carhartt zooyork之間是什麼關系

i.t是carhartt zooyork的代理商 double park可能是i.t為了區分滑板牌子和其他潮流牌子而開的店中店 本身並不是服裝品牌

『柒』 CHICAGO是什麼

芝加哥（Chicago）

是美國第三大城市，位於美國中部、世界第一大湖密歇根湖畔與芝加哥河交匯處，面積588平方公里。氣侯夏日酷熱，冬季不寒，終年多風，號為「風城」。現有人口270多萬。是美國黑人、猶太人聚居較多的城市。

芝加哥市內保存著早期傳統式的西歐古建築，又有壯觀巍峨的現代摩天大樓。市區沿著寬闊壯麗的大道連綿數十公里，規劃布局井井有條。現在的城市是1871年的大火之後重建的，新城各種形狀新奇、色彩各異的高層建築使其成為一建築藝術博物館。芝加哥市區內摩天大樓之多，僅次於紐約。當今全世界5座最高的摩天大樓有3座在芝加哥，市中心的西爾斯大廈是美國第一高樓，有110層，高443米。

菲 爾 德 自 然 史 博 物 館

19世紀開通的伊利諾伊－密歇根運河，把處於內陸的芝加哥同五大湖和大西洋連接起來，變為港口城市。海洋巨輪從加拿大的聖勞倫斯灣直駛芝加哥碼頭。芝加哥是美國的鐵路樞紐，幾十條鐵路交匯於此，連接美國各大城市；它還有世界上最繁忙國際機場之一的奧黑爾國際機場；因此，芝加哥可以稱得上美國東西交通、水、陸、空運輸的中心。

西 爾 斯 大 廈

美國最大的期貨市場－芝加哥商品交易所和芝加哥期貨交易所均設在此，經營品種包括：金融票據的期貨契約，國庫債期貨、國庫券期貨、股票指數期貨和期權交易等。

芝加哥還是美國中部的高等教育中心。芝加哥大學被譽為「諾貝爾獎」獲得者的搖籃，曾先後培育出諾貝爾獎獲得者30多人。西郊的阿崗國家研究院、貝爾實驗室、費米實驗室的科研成就在全美以至世界都令人矚目，有相當數目的華裔學者、工程技術人員在這些科研院室任職。

曾是美國「工業之母」的芝加哥，近年來涌現出成片的高科技走廊，取代了正在消亡的夕陽工業，現有「美國硅草原」之稱。。1928年建於該市的摩托羅拉公司聞名全球，是世界上提供無線電通訊、半導體器件、高級電子系統和設施的主要廠商之一。

『捌』 在哪裡可以看到免費的券商報告

無論你是文案、銷售，還是中高層管理者，

都需要獲得第一手的行業資訊；

無論是為了公司的戰略決策、產品方向、

市場策略、產品設計、廣告定價或者投融資管理，

你都離不開行業報告。

然而這些熱騰騰的資料上哪兒找呢？

據說，一般人查報告都要經歷一個這樣的結果：

信息過時，不權威不可靠，不好下載和復制，內容不符合自己的要求！

下面就給大家推薦一些權威網站，相信許多行業都可以在其中找到新鮮又可靠的行業資訊~

（以下內容來自知乎，由小象報告整理發布）

一、國內咨詢機構網站數據報告列表（排名不分先後）

• 艾瑞研究-艾瑞網（互聯網行業報告）

• 199IT互聯網數據中心-所有行業報告，內容繁多，支持搜索

• 中國互聯網路信息中心-CNNIC數據可以當做互聯網人口普查基礎表來看

• http://www.eguan.cn/zhuanti/more.php?cid=2884（易觀智庫）-僅參考

• 【友盟+】數據報告-（被阿里收購）僅參考

• http://www.dcci.com.cn/report/index.html（DCCI）-僅參考

• 北京賽諾市場研究有限責任公司賽諾數據，智能機出貨量的專業統計

• 中國信通院-研究成果-權威發布-權威數據國家智能機出貨量的官方統計

• https://www.talkingdata.com/index/#/datareport/2/zh_CN（Talkingdata報告）-行業報告可看

• 艾媒網-全球移動互聯網行業數據發布平台/iiMedia Research出品-行業報告可看

• https://www.dataeye.com/report.html-dataeye-偏手遊方向

• ASO100 - 專業App Store數據平台丨ASO優化專家平台丨iOS榜單排行榜查詢工具

• 電影電視行業免費報告列表頁-藝恩咨詢（是個研究娛樂行業的公司，提供行業報告）

• 旅遊數據報告-旅遊圈（旅遊行業報告）

二、國內互聯網公司數據報告網站列表（排名不分先後）

• 講座PPT-騰訊大講堂

• Tencent 騰訊-業績報告

• 騰訊大數據-騰訊雲數據分析出來的行業報告

• 網路開放服務平台-網路雲數據分析出來的行業報告

• 網路數據研究中心 提供行業研究報告、行業分析報告-網路數據中心報告

• 首頁-阿里研究院-阿里行業研究報告

• 騰訊MXD移動互聯網設計中心

• https://isux.tencent.com/category/ur -騰訊交互設計報告

• 用戶研究 | TaoBaoUED-淘寶UED用戶研究報告

• 網易用戶體驗設計中心-網易UED用戶研究報告

• 網路視頻數據報告-優酷指數行業報告

• PP指數_PPTV聚力-PPTV指數行業報告

• 手機行業報告_提供安卓、蘋果等智能手機行業報告_91手機資訊--91行業報告

• 360研究報告_360安全中心-360應用商店等產品出品報告

• 企鵝智酷_騰訊網-騰訊出品行業報告

三、國外咨詢機構網站數據報告列表（國外咨詢機構較多，數據詳實，無論是海外出海產品，海外報告中多有亞洲和中國的重點研究，相關報告和趨勢分析都可以選看）（排名不分先後）

• Flurry-國外app行業報告

• App Annie Blog-app指數報告

• https://www.appannie.com/insights/ (Appnnie的行業包括，包括app 分發行業的分發量和收入）

• BI Intelligence-business insider的報告

• Today's Articles on Digital Marketing and Media-emarker的報告

• http://www.newzoo.com/category/press-releases/-

• Gartner Press Release Archives-gartner側重於硬體的出貨量，包括智能機和PC等

• IDC - Search Results-IDC的硬體出貨量全球報告

• Yozzo Telecom News

• J.P. Morgan Home-摩根投行報告

• 德勤中國 | 審計, 企業管理咨詢, 財務咨詢, 風險管理, 稅務服務及行業洞察

• Precisely Everywhere-comscore的互聯網行業報告

• Ericsson - A world of communication（Global移動行業報告）

• GamesInstry.biz（Global游戲行業報告）

• http://adfonic.com/（Global廣告行業報告）

• Canalys | Insight. Innovation. Impact.（Global智能機報告）

• Mobile, Online & Digital Market Research, Data & Consultancy（通信無線報告）

• Home | GfK Global（終端比較專業的報告）

• Kantar Worldpanel（主要統計Android和ios的市場份額）

• PwC publications（皮尤的所有用戶，市場研究報告）

• Fiksu | Data-fueled mobile marketing（統計app用戶獲取成本和應用商店下載頻次的監測）

• https://www.weforum.org/reports（世界經濟論壇的報告，揭示國內外發展的大趨勢）

• Insights - Jampp （Jampp是國外的app 的粘性和轉化漏洞的網站，在insights里還有行業的app的retention等benchmark的數據，有些類似flurry的行業數據）

• 羅蘭貝格行業評論 戰略和行業評論和報告

• 普華永道: blog 各個行業的主要發現和行業報告

• Website Traffic & Mobile App Analytics （similar web 以色列的網站分析工具，可以分析任何網站，包括用戶，來源，終端，分布等等，數據非常棒）

四，各大公司不定期發布的報告，比如（細分方向的時候用）（排名不分先後）

• 高德地圖：2015年度中國主要城市交通分析報告

• 微信城市服務發布《2015微信政務民生白皮書》

• 【報告】淘寶發布 2015 中國消費趨勢數據，2015 年我們為什麼買單？

• 互聯網增長的第一本數據分析手冊-Growing IO的公開手冊

移動游戲運營數據分析指標白皮書（一）-Talkingdata 運營指標分析白皮書

• （不局限於以上list）

五、企業信息報告

• 新三板在線 - 中國最大的新三板生態平台（各行各業的新三板上市公司財務數據，高管數據等）

• 企查查|企業查詢（查詢企業的產品，品牌和法人信息）

• 企業注冊信息查詢（天眼查，同企查查）

• SEC.gov | Home（美國上市公司年度財務報告）

• 巨潮資訊網—（中國上市公司季度年度財務報告）

• Bai | Investors（各大上市公司季度財報，IR.XX公司.com，比如網路這個）

六、投資機構的統計網站（創業方向選擇，投融資選擇的時候用）（排名不分先後）

• IT桔子 | IT互聯網公司產品資料庫及商業信息服務（IT桔子，中國創業公司投融資數據和報告）

• 天天投-專業高效的免費創業投融資服務平台！（創業公司資料庫）

• 投資人列表 | FellowPlus（投資人列表和支持資料庫查詢）

• 研究院_ChinaVenture投資中國網-（投中的每個季度的行業融資報告，不定期有專項分析報告）

• CB Insights - Blog （CBI insights的一系列產品，包括公司的估值，獨角獸公司列表等）

• The Downround Tracker（公司估值下降的趨勢）

• The Complete List of Unicorn Companies（獨角獸公司列表）

• IPO Center: IPO Market, IPO News, IPO Calendars, IPO Pricings, IPO Voting（IPO相關新聞和趨勢報告）

• PrivCo | Private Company Financial Intelligence（美國金融數據公司，主要關注未上市公司的所有投融資資料，目前涵蓋的公司包括全世界，當然也包括中國公司）

• 券商行業研究報告 （國內券商的行業報告，策略報告，可以篩選行業，篩選報告類型）

• https://pitchbook.com/news/reports（PitchBook的PE,VC，M&A行業報告）

• 研究院_ChinaVenture投資中國網 （IPO 投融資行業報告）

• Dow Jones VentureSource 2Q』16 U.S. Venture Capital Report（道瓊斯旗下機構Dow Jones LP Source行業投資報告）

• NVCA Venture Investment（美國國家風險投資協會，每個季度和年度都會出投融資行業報告）

• PWC-MoneyTree Home（PWC的money tree report是每個季度美國的風險投資行業報告）

• https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights.html （KPMG畢馬威的insights報告，一般是每個季度的創投趨勢，比較細致的分析）

• Mattermark - Discover, Enrich, & Analyze Companies（創業公司投資並購信息一站式搜索）

• M&A, Private Equity & Venture Capital Database（創業公司投資並購信息一站式搜索）

• DataFox | Prospect Sales Leads with Company Signals（創業公司投資並購信息一站式搜索）

• CrunchBase accelerates innovation by bringing together data on companies and the people behind them.（創業公司資料庫）

• Venture Intelligence PE/VC database

• Tencent Holdings Ltd -- Trefis（各個公司的revenue model的預測和key driver的趨勢，這個網站簡直不能再棒）

最後還要提醒一下，行業報告的材料都是偏行業性質的，比較大范圍和大規模，不一定適用本公司的具體情況。在獲得大概的了解後，最好結合案頭研究（行業報告），定性和定量的的研究來輔助定位問題和尋找解決方案。

另外，小象報告收集整理了大量的各行各業報告，目前已超過十萬份，覆蓋了上千個細分行業，無論是熱門的人工智慧、區塊鏈、新零售還是傳統的汽車、教育、醫療等，還是更為冷門的行業。來源有各咨詢公司、第三方研究機構、券商等等，具體如下。

感興趣的可以到 公+眾+號：xiaoxiangbaogao（小象報告），且每天都在發布最新的免費報告。小象報告更懂你，告訴我你想要的報告，全部免費送！

『玖』 請問哪裡有下載免費市場研究報告

呵呵～～我也想要哦！
有了記得給俺留個信，謝謝咯！

『拾』 柏林英文簡介

Berlin
I INTRODUCTION

Berlin, capital and largest city of the Federal Republic of Germany. Administratively, Berlin also constitutes one of Germany』s 16 states. Berlin became the capital of Germany in 1871, when the numerous independent kingdoms and principalities of Germany united to form a single nation-state (see German Unification (1871)). The city quickly developed into one of Europe』s major instrial and cultural centers and became the single most important city in Germany.

From 1945 until 1990 Berlin was a divided city. Following the defeat of the Nazi regime (see National Socialism) in World War II (1939-1945), the victorious Allied Powers—the United States, Britain, France, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)—divided Germany into four zones, each occupied by one of the Allied Powers. They also divided Berlin, which was in the Soviet sector, into similar zones. The Soviet-controlled sector of the city became known as East Berlin, and the Western-occupied sector became known as West Berlin. In 1949 East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic (known as East Germany), one of two successor states established in Germany after the war. That same year the capital of West Germany, the other successor state, was established in the city of Bonn. West Berlin remained an urban island surrounded by Communist East Germany. The city became a focus of Cold War tensions between Communist countries led by the USSR and anti-Communist states led by the United States.

In 1990, following the collapse of Communism in the USSR and East Germany, Germany was reunified, and a united Berlin was declared its capital. The government graally began moving its offices from Bonn to Berlin, a process that was largely completed by early 2000.

Berlin is located in the northern European lowlands on a broad, sandy plain that surrounds the Spree River. The city』s highest hill, which rises 120 m (394 ft) above sea level, consists of rubble collected after World War II. Berlin lies so far north that it gets dark by mid-afternoon in December but stays light until almost 10 pm in June. High temperatures average 23ºC (74ºF) in July and 2ºC (35ºF) in January. Precipitation averages 590 mm (23 in) a year.

II BERLIN AND ITS METROPOLITAN AREA

Modern Berlin covers 883 sq km (341 sq mi). In 1920 the old city merged with 8 towns, nearly 60 villages, and a number of surrounding farms and estates to form the current city boundaries. Berlin』s city limits encompass the entire metropolitan area and include large areas of undeveloped land. Forests and farmlands cover nearly one-third of the city. From reunification until 2001, the city was divided into 23 boroughs. In an effort to make urban government more efficient, an administrative reform that took effect in 2001 reced the number of boroughs to 12.

At the heart of Berlin lies the medieval core of the city, located along the western bank of the Spree River. To the west of the medieval city is a formal grid of streets laid out on either side of Unter den Linden, a wide central avenue stretching from east to west and flanked with double rows of linden trees. Before the postwar division of Berlin, this area, called the Mitte (city center), served as the administrative and financial center of Berlin and contained the main banks, publishing houses, large stores, the university, and government buildings. Well-known streets crossing Unter den Linden are Friedrichstrasse and Wilhelmstrasse. The former royal park known as the Tiergarten occupies the land to the west of the Mitte district.

Graally the city』s residential and instrial areas grew around the city center. In the mid-19th century a dense mass of tenements was erected to the north, east, and south of the central Mitte district. Known as Mietskasernen (rent barracks), these buildings were home to members of the working class who labored in nearby instrial plants. In contrast, aristocrats and members of the middle class lived in the peripheral communities of that time (Dahlem, Grunewald, Köpenick).

Prior to World War II, Berlin contained many imposing buildings, many of them built after 1871, when Berlin became the German national capital. Much of old Berlin was devastated ring World War II by Allied bombing raids and by fierce house-to-house fighting that occurred when Soviet troops captured the city in 1945 at the end of the war. Wartime destruction left the historic core of the city standing amidst 26 sq km (10 sq mi) of rubble.

The victorious Allies faced a daunting task in 1945. Berlin had lost almost three-quarters of its 1.5 million residential units. During the first two months of occupation, when the USSR held full sway over all of Berlin, the Soviet Army also dismantled and removed 67 percent of Berlin』s instrial capacity.

After the war, the boundary between East and West Berlin was drawn through the heart of the city. In 1961 the East German government encircled West Berlin with a fortified wall that traced the boundary. This wall was known as the Berlin Wall. In the postwar redevelopment period, both East and West Berlin turned their backs on the wall and the area on either side of it, which remained a partially abandoned zone.

A East Berlin

For several years after 1945, East Germany paid war reparations to the USSR, thereby slowing its economic redevelopment considerably. When funds became available, East German leaders opted to focus on building housing for workers. Postwar housing construction in East Berlin often took the form of prefabricated high-rise apartment blocks that surrounded a central area containing schools, playgrounds, and shops. The largest of these, such as Marzahn on the eastern fringe of the city, housed about 100,000 people.

Before reunification in 1990, the East German government restored some of the historic buildings on Unter den Linden, including the classical State Opera House and Saint Hedwig』s Cathedral, both built in the mid-1700s. The East German government also restored the neoclassical Brandenburg Gate, an 18th-century city gateway at the western end of Unter den Linden that has become an international symbol of the city.

B West Berlin

As Berlin became a focus of the Cold War ring the 1940s, West Berlin』s Allied protectors strove to keep the city alive. West Germany gave tax breaks to West German firms that established or maintained businesses in West Berlin or bought goods proced there, and the Western allies provided massive economic assistance. During the Cold War years, West Berlin rebuilt its infrastructure and residential areas, expanded its subway system, and constructed a major international airport.

The rebuilding of West Berlin was particularly dramatic in the 1960s, when the West German government and its allies made an effort to make the city a showcase for the benefits of capitalism. A new central business district was developed southwest of Tiergarten along the Kurfüstendamm and other nearby streets. Department stores, sidewalk cafes, throngs of people, and office towers brilliantly lit at night by neon signs made this district the equal of any other modern city center in the Western world.

C United Berlin

Today the borough of Mitte again forms the heart of the unified city. Following the administrative reform of 2001, Mitte was enlarged to include the former central boroughs of Wedding and Tiergarten. Other important central areas include Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain, now united as the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, and Prenzlauer Berg, now incorporated as a part of the Pankow borough.

Tiergarten contains a large wooded park, a zoo, and a variety of public monuments as well as the large, modern Congress Hall and the Reichstag building, which was built from 1884 to 1894. The Reichstag and the surrounding area have undergone renovation to accommodate the Bundestag (the lower house of Germany』s parliament) and new offices of the federal government. Near Tiergarten is the Kulturforum complex, including the Museum of Applied Arts, and the Bauhaus Archives and Museum, which documents the modernist Bauhaus school of architecture and design that flourished from 1919 to 1933. A museum complex lines the south edge of Tiergarten.

West of the city center, in the contemporary borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, is the Kurfüstendamm, a boulevard that became the commercial center of West Berlin after the end of World War II. The ruined tower of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, which was built in the 1890s and destroyed in World War II, stands at the east end of the Kurfüstendamm. The memorial serves as a reminder of the devastation of war. Near Kurfüstendamm is Tauentzienstrasse, a prominent shopping area and site of the Europa Center, which houses a 22-story complex of restaurants, shops, offices, and cinemas.

Kreuzberg, now a part of the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, located directly south of the Mitte, is a residential area known for its large Turkish immigrant community and its concentration of younger residents. To the west of Kreuzberg and south of Tiergarten is Schöneberg, a largely middle-class residential neighborhood. This neighborhood is now part of the Tempelhof-Schöneberg borough.

A half-mile north of the Unter den Linden is the Oranienburger Strasse, the heart of prewar Berlin』s Jewish district. Revitalization of the area includes the restoration of the New Synagogue, built in 1866. Gangs of Nazis badly damaged the synagogue on November 9, 1938, when they organized a night of anti-Jewish rioting known as Kristallnacht (German for 「Night of Broken Glass」). The synagogue is now a center for the study and preservation of Jewish culture. Berlin』s oldest Jewish cemetery is nearby.

To the east of the city center, the Friedrichshain neighborhood contains largely residential sections in its northern portion. One of Friedrichshain』s major streets, Karl-Marx-Allee, is lined by an imposing series of high-rise residential buildings constructed ring the 1950s in an ornate monumental style of architecture popular in the USSR. The southern part of Friedrichshain contains storage yards for manufactured goods and instrial procts.

At the edge of Friedrichshain, next to the city center along the eastern bank of the Spree, is Alexanderplatz, a large square with restaurants and stores. Prior to unification, Alexanderplatz was the cultural center of East Berlin. Its most prominent feature is the Fernsehturm, a 365-m (1,198-ft) television tower topped by a popular revolving café. Berlin』s tallest building, the Fernsehturm was built ring the 1960s in a futuristic style and has become a popular stopping point for tourists. Near the square are the Gothic-style Marienkirche (Church of Saint Mary) and the 19th-century red brick Rathaus (city hall).

To the north of the city center lie two working class neighborhoods: Wedding and Prenzlauer Berg. Wedding is an instrial center, while Prenzlauer Berg, which lies just east of the former Berlin Wall, houses workers as well as a growing community of artists and students. Even before unification, Prenzlauer Berg was a gathering point for artists and nonconformists dissatisfied with East German politics and society. Bullet holes from the war still scar the walls of the district』s aging tenement buildings, many of which are in a state of disrepair and neglect.

In the west and southwestern portions of the city, the landscape becomes more open, with grasslands, parks, and lakes dominating the scenery. Major natural features in this region include the extensive Grunewald forest and the Havel lakes, whose shores include a kilometer-long stretch of sandy beach. The Grunewald forest, which covers 32 sq km (12 sq mi) in southwestern Berlin, is a major recreational area for Berliners seeking relief from the crowded central city. North of the Grunewald are the residential neighborhoods of Charlottenberg and Spandau. Founded in the 13th century as an independent town, Spandau is best known as the site of a prison that housed Nazi war criminals. Its medieval streets remained relatively undamaged by World War II bombings.

III POPULATION

In 1998 Berlin had a population of 3,417,200, far fewer than the 4.5 million who called the city home in 1942. Between 1945 and 1990, Berlin』s population diminished slightly in size. After unification, it increased by almost one-sixth. Compared to most major cities, Berlin』s population began aging after 1945. In the mid-1990s the largest age group, which made up 19 percent of the population, consisted of people between the ages of 25 and 34. The next largest group included those 65 years of age or older (16 percent of the population).

During the mid-1990s Berlin was home to more than 400,000 foreign citizens. Most of these immigrants came from other European countries to seek better economic conditions in Germany. More than 30 percent of Berlin』s foreigners were guest workers who came from Turkey to work at temporary jobs.

Protestants make up Berlin』s major religious group, with nearly 950,000 members. Roman Catholics form the next largest group at 341,000. The number of Muslims stands at 183,000. The smallest religious group is the Jewish community, which has about 11,000 members. This compares to 161,000 Jews living in Berlin in 1933. Most of the prewar Jewish population was devastated ring the Holocaust of the 1930s and 1940s, when Nazi leaders organized the systematic destruction of Jewish people.

IV EDUCATION AND CULTURE

Berlin has been a center of scientific research and theory, attracting luminaries such as Swiss physicist Albert Einstein and German physicist Werner Heisenberg. The Humboldt University of Berlin, formerly the University of Berlin (1810), has been the site of important scientific research, and its faculty has included more than 25 Nobel Prize winners. A highly regarded teaching hospital, the Charitè, was founded in Berlin in 1727. Other institutions of higher ecation include the Technical University of Berlin and the Free University of Berlin, as well as scientific research institutes such as the Max Planck Society and Sciences Center Berlin.

The German State Library, founded in 1661, is on Unter den Linden. It contains nearly 7 million books as well as collections of maps, musical scores, records, and paintings. Located several blocks south of Tiergarten on Potsdamerstrasse, the National Library contains many of the prewar holdings from the historic Prussian State Library.

Berlin has also been home to many important artists, musicians, and architects. Early architectural landmarks in Berlin include the Gothic Church of Saint Nicholas, which was built in the late 14th to early 15th century, and the Charlottenburg summer palace, which houses the Museum of Decorative Arts. In the entrance court to Charlottenburg Palace stands a famous equestrian statue of the 17th-century Great Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William. Internationally influential architects who have worked in Berlin include 19th-century neoclassical architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and 20th-century architect Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus school of architecture.

An exhibition on the history of Germany is housed in the baroque Zeughaus, one of Berlin』s finest buildings on the Unter den Linden, designed by German sculptor Andreas Schlüter and built from 1695 to 1706. Just north of Unter den Linden, the Museum Island contains some of the world』s most important art collections. The Pergamon Museum has excellent displays of Greco-Roman and Asian art. The Bode Museum contains fine examples of ancient Egyptian and Byzantine art. The National Gallery exhibits paintings and sculpture from the 18th to the early 20th centuries.

Berlin is also home to another group of famous institutions, including the Painting Gallery, which displays European painting from the 13th to 16th centuries, and the Staatliche Museum, home to the famous 14th-century-bc painted limestone bust of Egyptian queen Nefertiti. A new cultural quarter, located south of Tiergarten, contains the New National Gallery, which houses part of Berlin』s collection of 20th-century Western art.

Musical events take place at the State Opera House, German Opera Berlin, Komische Opera, and Schauspielhaus, a concert hall. Among the city』s many theaters, two have received worldwide accord: the Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz and the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, which is still home to the Berliner Ensemble, a theatrical group founded by playwright Bertolt Brecht in 1954. Located south of Tiergarten is the Philharmonie Concert Hall, a striking asymmetrical structure that serves as the home of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. The city is the site of an annual International Film Festival and JazzFest Berlin.

V RECREATION

Berlin has an extensive system of parks and recreational facilities including the Wannsee (a lake), the beautiful botanical gardens in Steglitz, and the 31-sq-km (12-sq-mi) forest of Grunewald. Tiergarten contains the largest of Berlin』s nearly 50 parks and is home to the city』s enormous Zoological Garden, one of the largest and oldest in the world.

Berlin has about 1,600 sports and recreation groups with about 500,000 participants regulated and administered by a division of the city government. The largest of the many sports clubs is the Berlin Soccer Club. While soccer is clearly the national sport, bicycling, tennis, track and field events, car racing, horse racing, and boxing also enjoy a wide following. Each of the city』s 12 boroughs runs its own recreation facilities. The most famous is the Olympic Stadium, constructed for the 1936 Olympics and still used for many different events.

VI ECONOMY

Following the division of the city of Berlin in 1949, the economies of the two halves of the city were integrated into their respective municipal and national economic systems. Although East Berlin constitutes only a third of the unified city and its population, it became the hub of East Germany』s commercial, financial, and transportation systems, and a huge manufacturing center.

Much of Berlin』s instrial capacity was destroyed ring and after World War II, and the economy of West Berlin suffered again ring 1948 and 1949, when the USSR blockaded West Berlin in an attempt to drive out the Western powers. Beginning in the 1950s, however, West Berlin』s economy was revitalized with a great deal of assistance from West Germany and from the United States, which provided support under the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). The city eventually became an important manufacturing center, procing electrical and electronic equipment and substantial quantities of machinery, metal, textiles, clothing, chemicals, printed materials, and processed food. The city also developed as a center for international finance, research, and science.

With the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the two halves of the city were once again physically integrated. Their economic integration began in July 1990. Of the two sections of the city, East Berlin underwent a greater economic upheaval, with many formerly state-owned businesses becoming private. United Berlin plays a significant role in international commerce. In 1995 the city exported and imported 8 million metric tons of goods.

Since reunification, Berlin has been forced to deal with housing shortages, growing unemployment, and strikes and demonstrations by workers. Increased taxes, reced government subsidies, and cuts in social services resulted as the German government faced the cost of revamping East Germany』s economic system from a state-controlled to a free-market system. Despite these obstacles new businesses were thriving within a few years after reunification.