zooholdings集团

『壹』 国际顶级域名有哪些

1、.com（适用于各种用途，但大多数还是用于在线业务)

2、.e（通常用于教育机构）

3、.net（适用范围很广，从网络公司到个人项目）

4、.org（通常用于非营利组织）

5、.co（用于公司）

6、.biz（用于公司名字）

一直以来，以.COM、.NET、.ORG为代表的域名占据了通用顶级域名市场的前三位 ，尤其是. COM域名更以2200万的注册数量名列榜首，尽管. COM域名还处在不断增长的阶段，但简单好用的. COM域名早已被抢注一空，甚至出现了非法抢注域名的事件。

(1)zooholdings集团扩展阅读：

发展历程

说域名历史最早应该从1984年说起，因为1984年正式引入了DNS（域名解析服务器），并开始提供大家熟悉的.net、.com、.gov等叫域名的东东。

世界上第一个被注册的域名就是Nor.net，是1985年1月被人注册的，第二个才是.com的，1985年3月15日，Symbolics.com被人注册。说句题外话，过去.net比.com“吃香”，如网易最早就是用.net域名的，.com只是保护性注册了。

域名刚刚开始的那几年，申请者寥寥无几。直到1993年，WWW这个东东出现以后，人们才感到了“域名”的重要性，域名才开始“吃香”。

『贰』 全球游戏软件公司排名是

全球游戏(或相关)公司集团的市值排名,这并不是非常官方的数据，只是一些国外的相关玩家跟据资料统计出来的排名，大家可以看到苹果傲视群雄排名第一，中国的腾讯以414亿美金排名第6。

Market Values as of Nov. 12th Market Close.(截止到11月12日的收盘情况)

1.USA (NASDAQ: AAPL) 苹果 - $281.40B

2.USA (NASDAQ: MSFT) 微软. - $227.33B

3.USA (NYSE: IBM) International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) - $178.58B

4.USA (NASDAQ: INTC) Intel Corp. - $119.88B

5.USA (NYSE: DIS) 华特迪斯尼集团- $72.20B

6.CHN (SEHK: 700) 腾迅. - $41.46B

7.JPN (TYO: 7974) 任天堂. - $35.95B

8.USA (NYSE: TWX) 时代华纳 - $34.10B

9.JPN (TYO: 6758) 索尼集团 - $33.10B

10.USA (NYSE: VIAB) Viacom, Inc. - $23.69B

11.USA (NASDAQ: ATVI) 动视暴雪 - $14.08B

12.KOR (KRX: 035420) NHN Corp. - $8.05B

13.USA (NASDAQ: NVDA) Nvidia Corp. - $7.61B

14.USA (NYSE: HAS) Hasbro, Inc. - $6.38B

15.CHN (NASDAQ: NTES) 网易 - $5.34B

16.USA (NASDAQ: ERTS) EA集团 - $5.23B

17.USA (NYSE: AMD) Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) - $5.20B

18.KOR (KRX: 036570) NCsoft Corp. - $4.70B

19.JPN (TYO: 6460) Sega Sammy Holdings Inc. - $4.59B

20.CHN (NASDAQ: SNDA) 盛大集团 - $2.82B

21.JPN (TYO: 9766) Konami Corp. - $2.60B

22.JPN (TYO: 7832) Namco Bandai Holdings Inc. - $2.39B

23.JPN (TYO: 9684) Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. - $2.19B

24.CHN (NYSE: GA) 巨人集团 - $1.57B

25.CHN (NASDAQ: PWRD) 完美世界. - $1.24B

26.FRA (Euronext: UBI) Ubisoft Entertainment SA - $1.22B

27.JPN (TYO: 9697) Capcom Co., Ltd. - $997.28M

28.USA (NASDAQ: TTWO) Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. - $944.11M

29.KOR (KOSDAQ: 095660) Neowiz Games Corp. - $932.20M

30.JPN (TYO: 7867) Takara Tomy Co., Ltd. - $741.67M

31.JPN (TYO: 3635) Tecmo Koei Holdings Co., Ltd. - $532.25M

32.JPN (TYO: 6737) Eizo Nanao Corp. - $460.82M

33.FRA (Euronext: GFT) GameLoft SA - $450.47M

34.JPN (TYO: 3715) Dwango Co., Ltd. - $379.29M

35.USA (NASDAQ: THQI) THQ Inc. - $289.33M

36.CHN (NASDAQ: CYOU) 畅游时代数码 - $281.62M

37.KOR (KOSDAQ: 037150) CJ Internet Corp. - $271.06M

38.KOR (KOSDAQ: 069080) Webzen Inc. - $254.03M

39.CHN (SEHK: 700) 网龙集团 - $229.00M

40.JPN (TYO: 3765) GungHo Online Entertainment Inc. - $222.45M

41.CHN (NASDAQ: NCTY) 第九城市 - $153.33M

42.JPN (JASDAQ: 4835) Index Holdings Co., Ltd. - $147.71M

43.JPN (JASDAQ: 4822) Hudson Soft Co., Ltd. - $91.89M

44.FRA (Euronext: ATA) Atari SA - $90.11M

45.JPN (TYO: 3838) AQ Interactive Inc. - $71.01M

46.JPN (TYO: 4728) Tose Co., Ltd. - $46.86M

47.JPN (JASDAQ: 6736) Sun Corp. - $44.42M

48.JPN (JASDAQ: 4334) Yuke's Co., Ltd. - $42.91M

49.JPN (JASDAQ: 3760) Cave Co., Ltd. - $40.25M

50.NOR (OSE: FUNCOM) Funcom NV - $37.23M

51.USA (NASDAQ: ZOOG) Zoo Entertainment, Inc. - $33.27M

52.ITA (BIT: DIB) Digital Bros SPA - $26.01M

53.USA (NASDAQ: COOL) Majesco Entertainment Company - $25.62M

54.JPN (TYO: 3723) Nihon Falcom Corp. - $23.79M

55.JPN (TYO: 3785) Eighting Co., Ltd. - $21.73M

56.JPN (TYO: 7844) Marvelous Entertainment Inc. - $17.19M

57.JPN (JASDAQ: 2706) Broccoli Co., Ltd. - $11.89M

58.USA (OTCBB: SOPK) SouthPeak Interactive Corp. - $11.55M

59.USA (OTCBB: IPLY) Interplay Entertainment Corp. - $8.59M

60.AUT (ATX: JWD) JoWooD Entertainment AG - $8.21M

61.JPN (JASDAQ: 3851) Nippon Ichi Software Inc. - $7.47M

『叁』 zoo牌是什么

是这个吗 ？？你看下。

ZARA是西班牙Inditex集团(股票代码ITX)旗下的一个子公司，它既是服装品牌，也是专营ZARA品牌服装的连锁零售品牌。1975年设立于西班牙的ZARA隶属于Inditex集团为全球排名第三、西班牙排名第一的服装商，在世界各地56个国家内，设立超过两千多家的服装连锁店。ZARA深受全球时尚青年的喜爱，设计师品牌的优异设计价格却更为低廉，简单来说就是让平民拥抱High Fashion。

Inditex是西班牙排名第一，超越了美国的GAP、瑞典的H&M成为全球排名第一的服装零售集团。截至2013年10月31日它在全球86个国家和地区开设了6249家专卖店，旗下共有8个服装零售品牌，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。在全球86个国家拥有1808家专卖店（自营专卖店占90%，其余为合资和特许专卖店）。尽管ZARA品牌的专卖店只占Inditex公司所有分店数的三分之一，但是其销售额却占总销售额的66%左右。

ZARA第一家门店于1975年在西班牙拉科鲁尼亚（LA Coruña）开设，目前已拥有1,900多家店遍布世界87个市场主要城市的商业中心。ZARA在国际上的成功清楚地表明时装文化无国界。凭借一支拥有200多名专业人士的创作团队，ZARA的设计过程紧跟大众口味。

『肆』 不及估值一半，头部自动驾驶企业Zoox“卖身”亚马逊

近日，亚马逊官方发表声明称，其已经与Zoox签订了收购协议，这一传闻已久的收购案尘埃落定。虽然亚马逊尚未透露此次收购的具体金额和细节，但是英国《金融时报》称，收购金额超过12亿美元。

?

另一方面，也是很重要的一点，自动驾驶领域未来可期。根据瑞银集团的一份报告，到2030年，全球自动驾驶出租车市场的价值可能超过2万亿美元，自动驾驶汽车的大规模普及可能会对许多现有行业带来重大提振作用。所以，亚马逊在这个时候“抄底”Zoox，也是对未来前景做出的投资。

就自动驾驶领域而言，2020年将会是充斥着无休止的收购传闻的一年。从自动驾驶头部企业陷入困境到最终被亚马逊收购，这意味着不管是载人还是载物，自动驾驶技术走向成熟仍然长路漫漫，此次疫情势必会加速行业淘汰赛的到来。另一方面，在落地环节，自动驾驶企业除了需要与传统车企或者科技公司合作，以解决产品端问题，在应用场景方面也需要找到相匹配的需求方。

文/孙莉莉

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本文来源于汽车之家车家号作者，不代表汽车之家的观点立场。

『伍』 中国境外上市公司有哪些

1、阿里巴巴。

2014年9月19日，阿里巴巴在美国成功上市。23日上午，胡润研究院发布《胡润百富榜》，阿里巴巴董事局主席马云以1500亿元身家成功登顶中国首富。

2、京东。

美国当地时间2014年5月22日，京东在纳斯达克正式挂牌上市，股票代码为“JD”，开盘报价为21.75美元，较发行价19美元上涨14.47%，市值达到约297亿美元。

3、爱奇艺。

2019年2月22日晚间，爱奇艺交出了在美上市后的首份成绩单，2018财年，爱奇艺实现营收250亿元人民币，同比增长52%。受该消息影响，美股开盘后，爱奇艺股价大涨。

4、网络。

北京时间2005年8月5日晚11点40分，中文搜索网络在美国纳斯达克股票市场正式挂牌上市，成为纳市第22只中国概念股。几个小时之后，这个纳市的新面孔便改写了中国股的江湖位次，发行价27美元的网络，上市当天便以66美元高开，并直线上闯至151.21美元，收盘于122.54美元。

5、腾讯音乐。

2018年12月12日，腾讯音乐娱乐集团（简称腾讯音乐）在美国纽约证券交易所上市，开盘价为每股13美元，最终报收每股14美元，较发行价上涨7.69%。

『陆』 i.t和double park 和carhartt zooyork之间是什么关系

i.t是carhartt zooyork的代理商 double park可能是i.t为了区分滑板牌子和其他潮流牌子而开的店中店 本身并不是服装品牌

『柒』 CHICAGO是什么

芝加哥（Chicago）

是美国第三大城市，位于美国中部、世界第一大湖密歇根湖畔与芝加哥河交汇处，面积588平方公里。气侯夏日酷热，冬季不寒，终年多风，号为“风城”。现有人口270多万。是美国黑人、犹太人聚居较多的城市。

芝加哥市内保存着早期传统式的西欧古建筑，又有壮观巍峨的现代摩天大楼。市区沿着宽阔壮丽的大道连绵数十公里，规划布局井井有条。现在的城市是1871年的大火之后重建的，新城各种形状新奇、色彩各异的高层建筑使其成为一建筑艺术博物馆。芝加哥市区内摩天大楼之多，仅次于纽约。当今全世界5座最高的摩天大楼有3座在芝加哥，市中心的西尔斯大厦是美国第一高楼，有110层，高443米。

菲 尔 德 自 然 史 博 物 馆

19世纪开通的伊利诺伊－密歇根运河，把处于内陆的芝加哥同五大湖和大西洋连接起来，变为港口城市。海洋巨轮从加拿大的圣劳伦斯湾直驶芝加哥码头。芝加哥是美国的铁路枢纽，几十条铁路交汇于此，连接美国各大城市；它还有世界上最繁忙国际机场之一的奥黑尔国际机场；因此，芝加哥可以称得上美国东西交通、水、陆、空运输的中心。

西 尔 斯 大 厦

美国最大的期货市场－芝加哥商品交易所和芝加哥期货交易所均设在此，经营品种包括：金融票据的期货契约，国库债期货、国库券期货、股票指数期货和期权交易等。

芝加哥还是美国中部的高等教育中心。芝加哥大学被誉为“诺贝尔奖”获得者的摇篮，曾先后培育出诺贝尔奖获得者30多人。西郊的阿岗国家研究院、贝尔实验室、费米实验室的科研成就在全美以至世界都令人瞩目，有相当数目的华裔学者、工程技术人员在这些科研院室任职。

曾是美国“工业之母”的芝加哥，近年来涌现出成片的高科技走廊，取代了正在消亡的夕阳工业，现有“美国硅草原”之称。。1928年建于该市的摩托罗拉公司闻名全球，是世界上提供无线电通讯、半导体器件、高级电子系统和设施的主要厂商之一。

『捌』 在哪里可以看到免费的券商报告

无论你是文案、销售，还是中高层管理者，

都需要获得第一手的行业资讯；

无论是为了公司的战略决策、产品方向、

市场策略、产品设计、广告定价或者投融资管理，

你都离不开行业报告。

然而这些热腾腾的资料上哪儿找呢？

据说，一般人查报告都要经历一个这样的结果：

信息过时，不权威不可靠，不好下载和复制，内容不符合自己的要求！

下面就给大家推荐一些权威网站，相信许多行业都可以在其中找到新鲜又可靠的行业资讯~

（以下内容来自知乎，由小象报告整理发布）

一、国内咨询机构网站数据报告列表（排名不分先后）

• 艾瑞研究-艾瑞网（互联网行业报告）

• 199IT互联网数据中心-所有行业报告，内容繁多，支持搜索

• 中国互联网络信息中心-CNNIC数据可以当做互联网人口普查基础表来看

• http://www.eguan.cn/zhuanti/more.php?cid=2884（易观智库）-仅参考

• 【友盟+】数据报告-（被阿里收购）仅参考

• http://www.dcci.com.cn/report/index.html（DCCI）-仅参考

• 北京赛诺市场研究有限责任公司赛诺数据，智能机出货量的专业统计

• 中国信通院-研究成果-权威发布-权威数据国家智能机出货量的官方统计

• https://www.talkingdata.com/index/#/datareport/2/zh_CN（Talkingdata报告）-行业报告可看

• 艾媒网-全球移动互联网行业数据发布平台/iiMedia Research出品-行业报告可看

• https://www.dataeye.com/report.html-dataeye-偏手游方向

• ASO100 - 专业App Store数据平台丨ASO优化专家平台丨iOS榜单排行榜查询工具

• 电影电视行业免费报告列表页-艺恩咨询（是个研究娱乐行业的公司，提供行业报告）

• 旅游数据报告-旅游圈（旅游行业报告）

二、国内互联网公司数据报告网站列表（排名不分先后）

• 讲座PPT-腾讯大讲堂

• Tencent 腾讯-业绩报告

• 腾讯大数据-腾讯云数据分析出来的行业报告

• 网络开放服务平台-网络云数据分析出来的行业报告

• 网络数据研究中心 提供行业研究报告、行业分析报告-网络数据中心报告

• 首页-阿里研究院-阿里行业研究报告

• 腾讯MXD移动互联网设计中心

• https://isux.tencent.com/category/ur -腾讯交互设计报告

• 用户研究 | TaoBaoUED-淘宝UED用户研究报告

• 网易用户体验设计中心-网易UED用户研究报告

• 网络视频数据报告-优酷指数行业报告

• PP指数_PPTV聚力-PPTV指数行业报告

• 手机行业报告_提供安卓、苹果等智能手机行业报告_91手机资讯--91行业报告

• 360研究报告_360安全中心-360应用商店等产品出品报告

• 企鹅智酷_腾讯网-腾讯出品行业报告

三、国外咨询机构网站数据报告列表（国外咨询机构较多，数据详实，无论是海外出海产品，海外报告中多有亚洲和中国的重点研究，相关报告和趋势分析都可以选看）（排名不分先后）

• Flurry-国外app行业报告

• App Annie Blog-app指数报告

• https://www.appannie.com/insights/ (Appnnie的行业包括，包括app 分发行业的分发量和收入）

• BI Intelligence-business insider的报告

• Today's Articles on Digital Marketing and Media-emarker的报告

• http://www.newzoo.com/category/press-releases/-

• Gartner Press Release Archives-gartner侧重于硬件的出货量，包括智能机和PC等

• IDC - Search Results-IDC的硬件出货量全球报告

• Yozzo Telecom News

• J.P. Morgan Home-摩根投行报告

• 德勤中国 | 审计, 企业管理咨询, 财务咨询, 风险管理, 税务服务及行业洞察

• Precisely Everywhere-comscore的互联网行业报告

• Ericsson - A world of communication（Global移动行业报告）

• GamesInstry.biz（Global游戏行业报告）

• http://adfonic.com/（Global广告行业报告）

• Canalys | Insight. Innovation. Impact.（Global智能机报告）

• Mobile, Online & Digital Market Research, Data & Consultancy（通信无线报告）

• Home | GfK Global（终端比较专业的报告）

• Kantar Worldpanel（主要统计Android和ios的市场份额）

• PwC publications（皮尤的所有用户，市场研究报告）

• Fiksu | Data-fueled mobile marketing（统计app用户获取成本和应用商店下载频次的监测）

• https://www.weforum.org/reports（世界经济论坛的报告，揭示国内外发展的大趋势）

• Insights - Jampp （Jampp是国外的app 的粘性和转化漏洞的网站，在insights里还有行业的app的retention等benchmark的数据，有些类似flurry的行业数据）

• 罗兰贝格行业评论 战略和行业评论和报告

• 普华永道: blog 各个行业的主要发现和行业报告

• Website Traffic & Mobile App Analytics （similar web 以色列的网站分析工具，可以分析任何网站，包括用户，来源，终端，分布等等，数据非常棒）

四，各大公司不定期发布的报告，比如（细分方向的时候用）（排名不分先后）

• 高德地图：2015年度中国主要城市交通分析报告

• 微信城市服务发布《2015微信政务民生白皮书》

• 【报告】淘宝发布 2015 中国消费趋势数据，2015 年我们为什么买单？

• 互联网增长的第一本数据分析手册-Growing IO的公开手册

移动游戏运营数据分析指标白皮书（一）-Talkingdata 运营指标分析白皮书

• （不局限于以上list）

五、企业信息报告

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• SEC.gov | Home（美国上市公司年度财务报告）

• 巨潮资讯网—（中国上市公司季度年度财务报告）

• Bai | Investors（各大上市公司季度财报，IR.XX公司.com，比如网络这个）

六、投资机构的统计网站（创业方向选择，投融资选择的时候用）（排名不分先后）

• IT桔子 | IT互联网公司产品数据库及商业信息服务（IT桔子，中国创业公司投融资数据和报告）

• 天天投-专业高效的免费创业投融资服务平台！（创业公司数据库）

• 投资人列表 | FellowPlus（投资人列表和支持数据库查询）

• 研究院_ChinaVenture投资中国网-（投中的每个季度的行业融资报告，不定期有专项分析报告）

• CB Insights - Blog （CBI insights的一系列产品，包括公司的估值，独角兽公司列表等）

• The Downround Tracker（公司估值下降的趋势）

• The Complete List of Unicorn Companies（独角兽公司列表）

• IPO Center: IPO Market, IPO News, IPO Calendars, IPO Pricings, IPO Voting（IPO相关新闻和趋势报告）

• PrivCo | Private Company Financial Intelligence（美国金融数据公司，主要关注未上市公司的所有投融资资料，目前涵盖的公司包括全世界，当然也包括中国公司）

• 券商行业研究报告 （国内券商的行业报告，策略报告，可以筛选行业，筛选报告类型）

• https://pitchbook.com/news/reports（PitchBook的PE,VC，M&A行业报告）

• 研究院_ChinaVenture投资中国网 （IPO 投融资行业报告）

• Dow Jones VentureSource 2Q’16 U.S. Venture Capital Report（道琼斯旗下机构Dow Jones LP Source行业投资报告）

• NVCA Venture Investment（美国国家风险投资协会，每个季度和年度都会出投融资行业报告）

• PWC-MoneyTree Home（PWC的money tree report是每个季度美国的风险投资行业报告）

• https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights.html （KPMG毕马威的insights报告，一般是每个季度的创投趋势，比较细致的分析）

• Mattermark - Discover, Enrich, & Analyze Companies（创业公司投资并购信息一站式搜索）

• M&A, Private Equity & Venture Capital Database（创业公司投资并购信息一站式搜索）

• DataFox | Prospect Sales Leads with Company Signals（创业公司投资并购信息一站式搜索）

• CrunchBase accelerates innovation by bringing together data on companies and the people behind them.（创业公司数据库）

• Venture Intelligence PE/VC database

• Tencent Holdings Ltd -- Trefis（各个公司的revenue model的预测和key driver的趋势，这个网站简直不能再棒）

最后还要提醒一下，行业报告的材料都是偏行业性质的，比较大范围和大规模，不一定适用本公司的具体情况。在获得大概的了解后，最好结合案头研究（行业报告），定性和定量的的研究来辅助定位问题和寻找解决方案。

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『拾』 柏林英文简介

Berlin
I INTRODUCTION

Berlin, capital and largest city of the Federal Republic of Germany. Administratively, Berlin also constitutes one of Germany’s 16 states. Berlin became the capital of Germany in 1871, when the numerous independent kingdoms and principalities of Germany united to form a single nation-state (see German Unification (1871)). The city quickly developed into one of Europe’s major instrial and cultural centers and became the single most important city in Germany.

From 1945 until 1990 Berlin was a divided city. Following the defeat of the Nazi regime (see National Socialism) in World War II (1939-1945), the victorious Allied Powers—the United States, Britain, France, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)—divided Germany into four zones, each occupied by one of the Allied Powers. They also divided Berlin, which was in the Soviet sector, into similar zones. The Soviet-controlled sector of the city became known as East Berlin, and the Western-occupied sector became known as West Berlin. In 1949 East Berlin became the capital of the German Democratic Republic (known as East Germany), one of two successor states established in Germany after the war. That same year the capital of West Germany, the other successor state, was established in the city of Bonn. West Berlin remained an urban island surrounded by Communist East Germany. The city became a focus of Cold War tensions between Communist countries led by the USSR and anti-Communist states led by the United States.

In 1990, following the collapse of Communism in the USSR and East Germany, Germany was reunified, and a united Berlin was declared its capital. The government graally began moving its offices from Bonn to Berlin, a process that was largely completed by early 2000.

Berlin is located in the northern European lowlands on a broad, sandy plain that surrounds the Spree River. The city’s highest hill, which rises 120 m (394 ft) above sea level, consists of rubble collected after World War II. Berlin lies so far north that it gets dark by mid-afternoon in December but stays light until almost 10 pm in June. High temperatures average 23ºC (74ºF) in July and 2ºC (35ºF) in January. Precipitation averages 590 mm (23 in) a year.

II BERLIN AND ITS METROPOLITAN AREA

Modern Berlin covers 883 sq km (341 sq mi). In 1920 the old city merged with 8 towns, nearly 60 villages, and a number of surrounding farms and estates to form the current city boundaries. Berlin’s city limits encompass the entire metropolitan area and include large areas of undeveloped land. Forests and farmlands cover nearly one-third of the city. From reunification until 2001, the city was divided into 23 boroughs. In an effort to make urban government more efficient, an administrative reform that took effect in 2001 reced the number of boroughs to 12.

At the heart of Berlin lies the medieval core of the city, located along the western bank of the Spree River. To the west of the medieval city is a formal grid of streets laid out on either side of Unter den Linden, a wide central avenue stretching from east to west and flanked with double rows of linden trees. Before the postwar division of Berlin, this area, called the Mitte (city center), served as the administrative and financial center of Berlin and contained the main banks, publishing houses, large stores, the university, and government buildings. Well-known streets crossing Unter den Linden are Friedrichstrasse and Wilhelmstrasse. The former royal park known as the Tiergarten occupies the land to the west of the Mitte district.

Graally the city’s residential and instrial areas grew around the city center. In the mid-19th century a dense mass of tenements was erected to the north, east, and south of the central Mitte district. Known as Mietskasernen (rent barracks), these buildings were home to members of the working class who labored in nearby instrial plants. In contrast, aristocrats and members of the middle class lived in the peripheral communities of that time (Dahlem, Grunewald, Köpenick).

Prior to World War II, Berlin contained many imposing buildings, many of them built after 1871, when Berlin became the German national capital. Much of old Berlin was devastated ring World War II by Allied bombing raids and by fierce house-to-house fighting that occurred when Soviet troops captured the city in 1945 at the end of the war. Wartime destruction left the historic core of the city standing amidst 26 sq km (10 sq mi) of rubble.

The victorious Allies faced a daunting task in 1945. Berlin had lost almost three-quarters of its 1.5 million residential units. During the first two months of occupation, when the USSR held full sway over all of Berlin, the Soviet Army also dismantled and removed 67 percent of Berlin’s instrial capacity.

After the war, the boundary between East and West Berlin was drawn through the heart of the city. In 1961 the East German government encircled West Berlin with a fortified wall that traced the boundary. This wall was known as the Berlin Wall. In the postwar redevelopment period, both East and West Berlin turned their backs on the wall and the area on either side of it, which remained a partially abandoned zone.

A East Berlin

For several years after 1945, East Germany paid war reparations to the USSR, thereby slowing its economic redevelopment considerably. When funds became available, East German leaders opted to focus on building housing for workers. Postwar housing construction in East Berlin often took the form of prefabricated high-rise apartment blocks that surrounded a central area containing schools, playgrounds, and shops. The largest of these, such as Marzahn on the eastern fringe of the city, housed about 100,000 people.

Before reunification in 1990, the East German government restored some of the historic buildings on Unter den Linden, including the classical State Opera House and Saint Hedwig’s Cathedral, both built in the mid-1700s. The East German government also restored the neoclassical Brandenburg Gate, an 18th-century city gateway at the western end of Unter den Linden that has become an international symbol of the city.

B West Berlin

As Berlin became a focus of the Cold War ring the 1940s, West Berlin’s Allied protectors strove to keep the city alive. West Germany gave tax breaks to West German firms that established or maintained businesses in West Berlin or bought goods proced there, and the Western allies provided massive economic assistance. During the Cold War years, West Berlin rebuilt its infrastructure and residential areas, expanded its subway system, and constructed a major international airport.

The rebuilding of West Berlin was particularly dramatic in the 1960s, when the West German government and its allies made an effort to make the city a showcase for the benefits of capitalism. A new central business district was developed southwest of Tiergarten along the Kurfüstendamm and other nearby streets. Department stores, sidewalk cafes, throngs of people, and office towers brilliantly lit at night by neon signs made this district the equal of any other modern city center in the Western world.

C United Berlin

Today the borough of Mitte again forms the heart of the unified city. Following the administrative reform of 2001, Mitte was enlarged to include the former central boroughs of Wedding and Tiergarten. Other important central areas include Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain, now united as the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, and Prenzlauer Berg, now incorporated as a part of the Pankow borough.

Tiergarten contains a large wooded park, a zoo, and a variety of public monuments as well as the large, modern Congress Hall and the Reichstag building, which was built from 1884 to 1894. The Reichstag and the surrounding area have undergone renovation to accommodate the Bundestag (the lower house of Germany’s parliament) and new offices of the federal government. Near Tiergarten is the Kulturforum complex, including the Museum of Applied Arts, and the Bauhaus Archives and Museum, which documents the modernist Bauhaus school of architecture and design that flourished from 1919 to 1933. A museum complex lines the south edge of Tiergarten.

West of the city center, in the contemporary borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, is the Kurfüstendamm, a boulevard that became the commercial center of West Berlin after the end of World War II. The ruined tower of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, which was built in the 1890s and destroyed in World War II, stands at the east end of the Kurfüstendamm. The memorial serves as a reminder of the devastation of war. Near Kurfüstendamm is Tauentzienstrasse, a prominent shopping area and site of the Europa Center, which houses a 22-story complex of restaurants, shops, offices, and cinemas.

Kreuzberg, now a part of the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, located directly south of the Mitte, is a residential area known for its large Turkish immigrant community and its concentration of younger residents. To the west of Kreuzberg and south of Tiergarten is Schöneberg, a largely middle-class residential neighborhood. This neighborhood is now part of the Tempelhof-Schöneberg borough.

A half-mile north of the Unter den Linden is the Oranienburger Strasse, the heart of prewar Berlin’s Jewish district. Revitalization of the area includes the restoration of the New Synagogue, built in 1866. Gangs of Nazis badly damaged the synagogue on November 9, 1938, when they organized a night of anti-Jewish rioting known as Kristallnacht (German for “Night of Broken Glass”). The synagogue is now a center for the study and preservation of Jewish culture. Berlin’s oldest Jewish cemetery is nearby.

To the east of the city center, the Friedrichshain neighborhood contains largely residential sections in its northern portion. One of Friedrichshain’s major streets, Karl-Marx-Allee, is lined by an imposing series of high-rise residential buildings constructed ring the 1950s in an ornate monumental style of architecture popular in the USSR. The southern part of Friedrichshain contains storage yards for manufactured goods and instrial procts.

At the edge of Friedrichshain, next to the city center along the eastern bank of the Spree, is Alexanderplatz, a large square with restaurants and stores. Prior to unification, Alexanderplatz was the cultural center of East Berlin. Its most prominent feature is the Fernsehturm, a 365-m (1,198-ft) television tower topped by a popular revolving café. Berlin’s tallest building, the Fernsehturm was built ring the 1960s in a futuristic style and has become a popular stopping point for tourists. Near the square are the Gothic-style Marienkirche (Church of Saint Mary) and the 19th-century red brick Rathaus (city hall).

To the north of the city center lie two working class neighborhoods: Wedding and Prenzlauer Berg. Wedding is an instrial center, while Prenzlauer Berg, which lies just east of the former Berlin Wall, houses workers as well as a growing community of artists and students. Even before unification, Prenzlauer Berg was a gathering point for artists and nonconformists dissatisfied with East German politics and society. Bullet holes from the war still scar the walls of the district’s aging tenement buildings, many of which are in a state of disrepair and neglect.

In the west and southwestern portions of the city, the landscape becomes more open, with grasslands, parks, and lakes dominating the scenery. Major natural features in this region include the extensive Grunewald forest and the Havel lakes, whose shores include a kilometer-long stretch of sandy beach. The Grunewald forest, which covers 32 sq km (12 sq mi) in southwestern Berlin, is a major recreational area for Berliners seeking relief from the crowded central city. North of the Grunewald are the residential neighborhoods of Charlottenberg and Spandau. Founded in the 13th century as an independent town, Spandau is best known as the site of a prison that housed Nazi war criminals. Its medieval streets remained relatively undamaged by World War II bombings.

III POPULATION

In 1998 Berlin had a population of 3,417,200, far fewer than the 4.5 million who called the city home in 1942. Between 1945 and 1990, Berlin’s population diminished slightly in size. After unification, it increased by almost one-sixth. Compared to most major cities, Berlin’s population began aging after 1945. In the mid-1990s the largest age group, which made up 19 percent of the population, consisted of people between the ages of 25 and 34. The next largest group included those 65 years of age or older (16 percent of the population).

During the mid-1990s Berlin was home to more than 400,000 foreign citizens. Most of these immigrants came from other European countries to seek better economic conditions in Germany. More than 30 percent of Berlin’s foreigners were guest workers who came from Turkey to work at temporary jobs.

Protestants make up Berlin’s major religious group, with nearly 950,000 members. Roman Catholics form the next largest group at 341,000. The number of Muslims stands at 183,000. The smallest religious group is the Jewish community, which has about 11,000 members. This compares to 161,000 Jews living in Berlin in 1933. Most of the prewar Jewish population was devastated ring the Holocaust of the 1930s and 1940s, when Nazi leaders organized the systematic destruction of Jewish people.

IV EDUCATION AND CULTURE

Berlin has been a center of scientific research and theory, attracting luminaries such as Swiss physicist Albert Einstein and German physicist Werner Heisenberg. The Humboldt University of Berlin, formerly the University of Berlin (1810), has been the site of important scientific research, and its faculty has included more than 25 Nobel Prize winners. A highly regarded teaching hospital, the Charitè, was founded in Berlin in 1727. Other institutions of higher ecation include the Technical University of Berlin and the Free University of Berlin, as well as scientific research institutes such as the Max Planck Society and Sciences Center Berlin.

The German State Library, founded in 1661, is on Unter den Linden. It contains nearly 7 million books as well as collections of maps, musical scores, records, and paintings. Located several blocks south of Tiergarten on Potsdamerstrasse, the National Library contains many of the prewar holdings from the historic Prussian State Library.

Berlin has also been home to many important artists, musicians, and architects. Early architectural landmarks in Berlin include the Gothic Church of Saint Nicholas, which was built in the late 14th to early 15th century, and the Charlottenburg summer palace, which houses the Museum of Decorative Arts. In the entrance court to Charlottenburg Palace stands a famous equestrian statue of the 17th-century Great Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William. Internationally influential architects who have worked in Berlin include 19th-century neoclassical architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and 20th-century architect Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus school of architecture.

An exhibition on the history of Germany is housed in the baroque Zeughaus, one of Berlin’s finest buildings on the Unter den Linden, designed by German sculptor Andreas Schlüter and built from 1695 to 1706. Just north of Unter den Linden, the Museum Island contains some of the world’s most important art collections. The Pergamon Museum has excellent displays of Greco-Roman and Asian art. The Bode Museum contains fine examples of ancient Egyptian and Byzantine art. The National Gallery exhibits paintings and sculpture from the 18th to the early 20th centuries.

Berlin is also home to another group of famous institutions, including the Painting Gallery, which displays European painting from the 13th to 16th centuries, and the Staatliche Museum, home to the famous 14th-century-bc painted limestone bust of Egyptian queen Nefertiti. A new cultural quarter, located south of Tiergarten, contains the New National Gallery, which houses part of Berlin’s collection of 20th-century Western art.

Musical events take place at the State Opera House, German Opera Berlin, Komische Opera, and Schauspielhaus, a concert hall. Among the city’s many theaters, two have received worldwide accord: the Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz and the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, which is still home to the Berliner Ensemble, a theatrical group founded by playwright Bertolt Brecht in 1954. Located south of Tiergarten is the Philharmonie Concert Hall, a striking asymmetrical structure that serves as the home of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. The city is the site of an annual International Film Festival and JazzFest Berlin.

V RECREATION

Berlin has an extensive system of parks and recreational facilities including the Wannsee (a lake), the beautiful botanical gardens in Steglitz, and the 31-sq-km (12-sq-mi) forest of Grunewald. Tiergarten contains the largest of Berlin’s nearly 50 parks and is home to the city’s enormous Zoological Garden, one of the largest and oldest in the world.

Berlin has about 1,600 sports and recreation groups with about 500,000 participants regulated and administered by a division of the city government. The largest of the many sports clubs is the Berlin Soccer Club. While soccer is clearly the national sport, bicycling, tennis, track and field events, car racing, horse racing, and boxing also enjoy a wide following. Each of the city’s 12 boroughs runs its own recreation facilities. The most famous is the Olympic Stadium, constructed for the 1936 Olympics and still used for many different events.

VI ECONOMY

Following the division of the city of Berlin in 1949, the economies of the two halves of the city were integrated into their respective municipal and national economic systems. Although East Berlin constitutes only a third of the unified city and its population, it became the hub of East Germany’s commercial, financial, and transportation systems, and a huge manufacturing center.

Much of Berlin’s instrial capacity was destroyed ring and after World War II, and the economy of West Berlin suffered again ring 1948 and 1949, when the USSR blockaded West Berlin in an attempt to drive out the Western powers. Beginning in the 1950s, however, West Berlin’s economy was revitalized with a great deal of assistance from West Germany and from the United States, which provided support under the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). The city eventually became an important manufacturing center, procing electrical and electronic equipment and substantial quantities of machinery, metal, textiles, clothing, chemicals, printed materials, and processed food. The city also developed as a center for international finance, research, and science.

With the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the two halves of the city were once again physically integrated. Their economic integration began in July 1990. Of the two sections of the city, East Berlin underwent a greater economic upheaval, with many formerly state-owned businesses becoming private. United Berlin plays a significant role in international commerce. In 1995 the city exported and imported 8 million metric tons of goods.

Since reunification, Berlin has been forced to deal with housing shortages, growing unemployment, and strikes and demonstrations by workers. Increased taxes, reced government subsidies, and cuts in social services resulted as the German government faced the cost of revamping East Germany’s economic system from a state-controlled to a free-market system. Despite these obstacles new businesses were thriving within a few years after reunification.