中美证券发行制度

A. 美国股票周期

美国大选 转战顺周期成长股
今年三季度，A股市场在经历了7月份的快速上涨后震荡调整，部分前期领涨的热门板块表现回落，进入调整状态。私募也开始调仓换股，从年初的超配科技、医药到均衡配置。展望后市，私募认为市场最大的外围风险便是美国大选。多家私募表示，已经转战顺周期成长股，TMT板块最受青睐。

三季度市场调整蓄势 私募调仓换股

回顾今年市场表现，远策投资指出，在一季度新冠疫情出现时，市场表现的是危机下的应激反应模式，二季度则进入全球疫情和政策应对常态化阶段。总体来看，市场在三季度对于经济修复的关注增加，市场风格更加均衡，顺周期价值股和成长股均有表现，但由于资金进场节奏错配和分布结构变化，也带来市场波动加大，部分行业和个股在资金进出下大幅波动。

清和泉资本表示，得益于宽松政策实施、疫情良好控制、经济及时修复，到目前为止市场整体表现相对较好。一季度市场因疫情经历了前所未有的波动，二季度市场集中反映宽松政策，展开了明显估值修复，三季度市场宽幅震荡，反映了政策和经济之间的平衡。

“9月份三大指数回调幅度均超过5%，我们觉得指数中阴，小股票灰飞烟灭，主要还是流动性收紧引起的风险偏好降低，下半年流动性虽然还是较往年宽裕，但边际收紧很明显。北向资金阶段性撤退，也反映估值处于相对高位，风险偏好不高的资金锁定全年收益，追涨欲望不强烈。”常春藤资产基金经理石海慧表示。

在此背景下，私募投资策略也在根据市场变化进行调整。远策投资向记者介绍，回顾三季度投资操作，通过向化工、建材等顺周期价值股的配置，让组合结构更加均衡，同时也增加了对非银金融等领域枢纽型、龙头公司的配置，这些操作起到了贡献收益和平滑组合波动的作用。

星石投资表示，年初的策略是超配科技和医药，因为疫情下国内外流动性大幅宽松，是上半年最大的宏观驱动因素，而最受益于此的正是高估值弹性的、以科技医药为代表的逆周期成长股。不过，在二季度末判断内需会率先恢复，投资方向也逐渐转向，均衡配置科技、消费、周期类别。展望四季度，星石投资认为，A股核心驱动因素正进一步“交棒”给中国经济复苏，超配周期、消费类别中顺周期成长股。

四季度最大不确定性在美国大选

展望四季度，私募认为，最重要的外围事件也是最大的不确定性在美国大选。

清和泉资本指出，美国大选落地前后市场展开多轮博弈，对于全球的地缘政治和风险偏好均会产生不小的影响。此外，中美关系和科技领域的摩擦能否改善也很大程度上制约着产业预期和市场情绪。“十四五”规划有利于市场风险偏好的部分修复，未来的产业政策更加清晰。虽然内外部事件相对扰动较多，市场波动大概率不会明显降低。
石海慧认为，10月估计市场成交量很难上去，因为大家都在等美国大选落定，风险事件消除后才敢下手。“资金面宽松不足，利率上行，会进一步引起估值收缩。另外，新股发行节奏加快，也会进一步加剧短期资金面的紧张，消耗市场活跃资金，指数总体上行动力不足。

B. 中国股市和美国股市的差别是什么

中国股市和美股股市目前区别还是很大的，首先说一下美国股市，美国股市是纯粹的市场经济，长达10年的牛市正是说明了它的投资价值。美国股市的监管机制和各项制度相对完善，对投资者的保护措施也比较好一些，从而也杜绝了投机客的大量投机行为。中国股市目前还处于摸索阶段，审核制度，发行制度以投资者保护都稍微差于美国，投机行为严重，真正符合的价值投资只有一部分股票，其他基本上都是投机行为。

在经济上，美国脑力劳动者，中国体力劳动者。这又由国情决定：中国人多，不可能都脑力劳动搞科研，不从事体力劳动，不搞制造，很多人会没饭吃。

C. 为什么中国股市与美国股市差异如此巨大

因为两个股市的价值观取向完全不同，美国股市是典型的帮助其经济结构实 现不断升级的价值观和定位，因此，在不 同阶段，培养出来不同的世界级企业。中国股市只有定位于助推中国经济结 构的不断升级，打造世界级科技创新企 业，定位于助推实现中华民族伟大复兴的 中国梦，才有可能迎来长期的慢牛？

1、股市长期牛市的基础来自于企业的 不断做强做大，而企业的做强做大绝对不 能靠人为垄断，中国人为垄断的企业始终会是 襁褓中的婴儿。

反思中国的大市值公司基本上都是政 策垄断型企业，基本上依靠国家政策。这 样很难培养出在世界范围内拥有定价权的 企业。

2、长江后浪推前浪，一浪更比一浪 高，才是股市长期走牛的前提。

人类历史总是在不断前进，一个阶段 的大市值公司只能代表这个历史阶段，而 且新兴产业的市值往往会超过传统产业， 因此，后来居上的大市值公司在绝对值上 又会超过前期公司。从而推动股票指数不 断迭创新高。这种情况下，只有代表阶段 性新兴产业的公司才是推动经济不断进步 的持久动力。

美国10年前的前十大市值公司与今天 相比，已经有50%以上发生了变化，而中 国股市十几年来仍然是工商银行、中国石 油等老面孔，代表新兴产业的龙头企业完 全没有涌现出来。

D. 有关中美证券法的翻译！！汉翻英！！第二部分

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3. to become a public company and termination of a public company responsibilities different criteria based on "Securities Law" and "Securities Exchange Act", Corporation in the two cases, it becomes a public company (GoingPublic) : (1) is not targeted to offer shares to the public; (2) the number of shareholders of more than 500 companies and the total assets of over 10 million U.S. dollars. These two companies need to circumstances SEC registration, and began to perform public company information disclosure obligations. Company to suspend and terminate its information disclosure obligations must meet the following two conditions : (a) Holders of the company's issued shares of shareholders to fewer than 300 people; (2) The holder of a company's issued shares of shareholders to fewer than 500, ring the last three financial years the annual total assets were lower than 10 million U.S. dollars. In addition, even if the companies reach these conditions, if the stock is still stock exchange or the NASDAQ market traded Information disclosure obligations not exempt. China's Corp. to become a public company has two ways : (a) is not targeted to offer shares to the public; (2) the number of shareholders exceeded 200. The following two situations could not Corp. is not targeted to offer shares to the public to become a public company : (1) to specific targets Corp. to issue stock to shareholders over 200 people; (2) transfer, inheritance, gifts, as a result of judicial decisions Corp. shareholders over 200 people. On public companies to disclose information and the responsibility to suspend or terminate the country, has not yet made the requirement. Compared with the United States, China has become a public company the "threshold" will be much lower, so Company become public companies and are required to fulfill the mandatory public disclosure obligations to the possibility of more. As the "Securities Act" will be public companies into the China Securities Regulatory Commission supervision, it can be expected that China Securities Regulatory Commission, the future of the companies will reach tens of thousands of homes in volume. 4, the private placement of securities system from the United States established a very good adjustment private placement of securities issued by private placement securities transfer system standards. Not only non-public companies can use private placement issue to raise funds and public companies and listed companies will be able to conct private placement of securities. In the United States, the issuer of the securities issued at the meeting as long as (1) non-open direct negotiations, (2) only to a small number of targeted distribution, it may seek exemption from registration under : (a) Private Placement Exemption, (2) D. Ordinance issued registration exemptions (including exemption from the rules 504, 505 exemption rules, rules 506 exemption) (3) issued to qualified investors registered exemption, (4) California issued a limited exemption from registration. China's new "Company Law" and "Securities Act" Although there is no direct introction of securities "Private Placement" expression But on the "joint-stock companies to set up specific targets to raise", "published by the definition of" "Non-public listed companies to issue new shares", in fact portrayal of our private placement of securities of the basic framework of the system. By the "Securities Act" Article 10 stipulates that "accumulated more than 200 people targeted in securities issued an" open issue securities, therefore, China's non-public offerings of securities is limited to the number of shareholders to less than 200 in the non-listed companies to target specific non-public side - issued securities, issued after the shareholders and not more than 200 persons in the issuance of securities acts. In addition to the issuance of securities are public. 200 in the number of shareholders over the company's shares issued any act which published. whether they are targeted at specific groups targeted or not, regardless of their form of a public or private. By legislative intent, my new "Securities Act" Section 2, Article 13 of "non-publicly listed companies to issue new shares, It should be consistent with the State Council's approval of the State Council securities regulatory agencies, in fact, reported to the State Council securities regulatory agencies approved "requirement should be interpreted as a listed company to issue new shares to specific targets. with the United States private placement of securities of listed companies are similar its conditions and proceres and is not targeted to be issued to the public entirely different.
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E. 有关中美证券法的翻译！！汉翻英！！

呵呵，我帮你把
China and the United States compared to the non-listed public companies, the main difference : the issuance of securities system, released to the public on a different definition of a public company to become the standard, private placement of securities of different definitions. 1, the securities distribution system from the United States to take the issue of the securities registration system, and joint-stock issuers, must first apply to the United States Securities Commission (SEC) registration. To facilitate the financing of enterprises, lower financing costs, related regulations of the seven can be exempted from registration. China's securities will be issued to the public to take approval system, and joint-stock offer shares to the public must be approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. And the United States compared to the distribution system, while China has not introced an "exempt" concept, but according to the "Company Law", In addition to the public and listed companies outside the Company to the targeted non-public offerings of stock only with the endorsement of the General Assembly or the shareholders Board approval (the "Company Law" 134th). issued after the completion of the company registration office will be registered (the "Company Law" 137th), equivalent to the "Private Placement exemptions." Second, to the public offering different definitions of the United States "Securities Act" definition, refers to public offerings of securities of issuers, Underwriters and brokers operating on the basis of their professional sales force, the use of advertising, fax, and other publicity and public-oriented marketing tool, not specific to selling investment securities, to obtain the funds. China's new "Securities Act" will be the 10th of the securities will be issued to the public is defined as : "one of the following conditions for public offerings : (1) not to target specific securities issued; (2) accumulated more than 200 people targeted in securities issued; (3) the legal and administrative regulations issued by other acts. Closed securities issued shall not be adopted advertising, proselytizing in public and covert and open manner. " Comparing China and the United States published by the Securities definition China "Securities Act" definition of a public offering of the same basic situation in the United States be issued to the public, in addition, China will "to accumulating more than 200 people targeted in the issue securities" is also defined as an open issue, and in the United States, "object to the specific securities issued" in most cases belong to the private placement areas. Clearly, our right to define released to the public than the United States to a much wider. Under the "Securities Act", "open issue" needs approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Therefore, in addition Corp. "is not targeted to the public offering of securities" needs to be approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, future "to a total of more than 200 people targeted in securities issued" also needs approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, This may include both cases : (1) Company to the targeted Corp. to issue stock to shareholders over 200 people; (2) the number of shareholders exceeded 200 stock replenishment of the stock issuance.
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F. 中国持美国债券过多原因及看法。

在世界上还没有出现取代美国金融地位之前，买美国国债也是一种无奈的选择，美国国债是由美国财政部发行的国家债券，但在现代，尤其是近年来的国际金融运作中，常常被用作一种比货币更安全，方便的支付手段。
分以下三类
(U.S.) Treasury Bills 短期国库券 (U.S.) T-Bills
期限为13、26、或52周，多以折价方式拍售。最小购买金额为10 000美元，较大面额应为10 000美元的倍数。
(U.S.) Treasury Notes 中期国库票据(U.S.) T-Notes
期限为2，3，4，5，7，10年的附息证券。4年期的在1990年12月停止发行，7年期的在1993年4月停止发行。所有的国库票据都为固定利息，到期一次偿还。债券最小面值1000美元。若期限低于4年，则最低购买金额为5000美元。大额购买应为1000美元的倍数。（发行额占总额60％左右，为美国政府主力债券）
(U.S.) Treasury Bonds 长期国库债券(U.S.) T-Bonds
10年期以上的附息证券。所有证券都为固定利率，到期一次偿还。最小面值1000美元，大额购买应为1000美元的倍数。在国际贸易中，美元属于强势货币，相对于其它比较小的经济体系中，美元还是比较安全和方便支付，兑换比较方便，像新诞生的欧元到目前为止还没有办法取代美元，所以，中国，日本等经济大国只有无奈地购买美国的国债，作为外汇储备的一种方法，当然，过多地持有美元也不是办法，适当增加黄金，原油和战略性矿产资源的储备才可以分散投资风险。

G. 中美两国证券发行机制的不同

中美两国证券发行机制的不同，中国发行的发现了原来都是但是都是替嫁医交易。I'm每股发行的交易体制都是替加零交易。

H. 国内ipo跟美国ipo的区别

中国和美国IPO体制差异
核准制和注册制是两个大概念，简单用这两个概念来总结中美两国证券监管理念并不太准确。从海内外经验来看，在强调未经批准（核准或宣布生效）不能完成发行，以及强调披露质量的问题上，注册制和核准制没有实质差异。中美两国在首发审核和流程上的差异，更多地表现为监管方式的具体细节上。
在监管方式上，在不少具体问题和具体细节上，中美两国的确存在不少差异。本文仅就其中几个业内人士比较关心的问题，对两国的差异做一简单介绍。
1、首发标准。美国1933年《证券法》没有规定具体的首发标准，只要求公开发行必须注册，同时，列举了一些不需要注册的证券（如商业银行的存款单）和不需要注册的行为（如私募发行）。与美国两个交易所的上市标准相比，我国的首发标准（以及上市标准）涵盖范围大、主观性标准多、给发行人留的余地也较少。
2、发行审核流程。美国首发的发行审核流程强调公开，实际操作中表现为高效、有预期。在我国证券发行核准制下，申请材料的公开程度不高、公开的时点较晚。
3、审核方式。美国上市发行审核侧重信息披露。国内许多申请文件，比如法律意见书、国内券商的尽职调查过程和结果，美国证监会都不管，主要留给市场来管。