中美證券發行制度

A. 美國股票周期

美國大選 轉戰順周期成長股
今年三季度，A股市場在經歷了7月份的快速上漲後震盪調整，部分前期領漲的熱門板塊表現回落，進入調整狀態。私募也開始調倉換股，從年初的超配科技、醫葯到均衡配置。展望後市，私募認為市場最大的外圍風險便是美國大選。多家私募表示，已經轉戰順周期成長股，TMT板塊最受青睞。

三季度市場調整蓄勢 私募調倉換股

回顧今年市場表現，遠策投資指出，在一季度新冠疫情出現時，市場表現的是危機下的應激反應模式，二季度則進入全球疫情和政策應對常態化階段。總體來看，市場在三季度對於經濟修復的關注增加，市場風格更加均衡，順周期價值股和成長股均有表現，但由於資金進場節奏錯配和分布結構變化，也帶來市場波動加大，部分行業和個股在資金進出下大幅波動。

清和泉資本表示，得益於寬松政策實施、疫情良好控制、經濟及時修復，到目前為止市場整體表現相對較好。一季度市場因疫情經歷了前所未有的波動，二季度市場集中反映寬松政策，展開了明顯估值修復，三季度市場寬幅震盪，反映了政策和經濟之間的平衡。

「9月份三大指數回調幅度均超過5%，我們覺得指數中陰，小股票灰飛煙滅，主要還是流動性收緊引起的風險偏好降低，下半年流動性雖然還是較往年寬裕，但邊際收緊很明顯。北向資金階段性撤退，也反映估值處於相對高位，風險偏好不高的資金鎖定全年收益，追漲慾望不強烈。」常春藤資產基金經理石海慧表示。

在此背景下，私募投資策略也在根據市場變化進行調整。遠策投資向記者介紹，回顧三季度投資操作，通過向化工、建材等順周期價值股的配置，讓組合結構更加均衡，同時也增加了對非銀金融等領域樞紐型、龍頭公司的配置，這些操作起到了貢獻收益和平滑組合波動的作用。

星石投資表示，年初的策略是超配科技和醫葯，因為疫情下國內外流動性大幅寬松，是上半年最大的宏觀驅動因素，而最受益於此的正是高估值彈性的、以科技醫葯為代表的逆周期成長股。不過，在二季度末判斷內需會率先恢復，投資方向也逐漸轉向，均衡配置科技、消費、周期類別。展望四季度，星石投資認為，A股核心驅動因素正進一步「交棒」給中國經濟復甦，超配周期、消費類別中順周期成長股。

四季度最大不確定性在美國大選

展望四季度，私募認為，最重要的外圍事件也是最大的不確定性在美國大選。

清和泉資本指出，美國大選落地前後市場展開多輪博弈，對於全球的地緣政治和風險偏好均會產生不小的影響。此外，中美關系和科技領域的摩擦能否改善也很大程度上制約著產業預期和市場情緒。「十四五」規劃有利於市場風險偏好的部分修復，未來的產業政策更加清晰。雖然內外部事件相對擾動較多，市場波動大概率不會明顯降低。
石海慧認為，10月估計市場成交量很難上去，因為大家都在等美國大選落定，風險事件消除後才敢下手。「資金面寬松不足，利率上行，會進一步引起估值收縮。另外，新股發行節奏加快，也會進一步加劇短期資金面的緊張，消耗市場活躍資金，指數總體上行動力不足。

B. 中國股市和美國股市的差別是什麼

中國股市和美股股市目前區別還是很大的，首先說一下美國股市，美國股市是純粹的市場經濟，長達10年的牛市正是說明了它的投資價值。美國股市的監管機制和各項制度相對完善，對投資者的保護措施也比較好一些，從而也杜絕了投機客的大量投機行為。中國股市目前還處於摸索階段，審核制度，發行制度以投資者保護都稍微差於美國，投機行為嚴重，真正符合的價值投資只有一部分股票，其他基本上都是投機行為。

在經濟上，美國腦力勞動者，中國體力勞動者。這又由國情決定：中國人多，不可能都腦力勞動搞科研，不從事體力勞動，不搞製造，很多人會沒飯吃。

C. 為什麼中國股市與美國股市差異如此巨大

因為兩個股市的價值觀取向完全不同，美國股市是典型的幫助其經濟結構實 現不斷升級的價值觀和定位，因此，在不 同階段，培養出來不同的世界級企業。中國股市只有定位於助推中國經濟結 構的不斷升級，打造世界級科技創新企 業，定位於助推實現中華民族偉大復興的 中國夢，才有可能迎來長期的慢牛？

1、股市長期牛市的基礎來自於企業的 不斷做強做大，而企業的做強做大絕對不 能靠人為壟斷，中國人為壟斷的企業始終會是 襁褓中的嬰兒。

反思中國的大市值公司基本上都是政 策壟斷型企業，基本上依靠國家政策。這 樣很難培養出在世界范圍內擁有定價權的 企業。

2、長江後浪推前浪，一浪更比一浪 高，才是股市長期走牛的前提。

人類歷史總是在不斷前進，一個階段 的大市值公司只能代表這個歷史階段，而 且新興產業的市值往往會超過傳統產業， 因此，後來居上的大市值公司在絕對值上 又會超過前期公司。從而推動股票指數不 斷迭創新高。這種情況下，只有代表階段 性新興產業的公司才是推動經濟不斷進步 的持久動力。

美國10年前的前十大市值公司與今天 相比，已經有50%以上發生了變化，而中 國股市十幾年來仍然是工商銀行、中國石 油等老面孔，代表新興產業的龍頭企業完 全沒有涌現出來。

D. 有關中美證券法的翻譯！！漢翻英！！第二部分

還是我呵呵！
3. to become a public company and termination of a public company responsibilities different criteria based on "Securities Law" and "Securities Exchange Act", Corporation in the two cases, it becomes a public company (GoingPublic) : (1) is not targeted to offer shares to the public; (2) the number of shareholders of more than 500 companies and the total assets of over 10 million U.S. dollars. These two companies need to circumstances SEC registration, and began to perform public company information disclosure obligations. Company to suspend and terminate its information disclosure obligations must meet the following two conditions : (a) Holders of the company's issued shares of shareholders to fewer than 300 people; (2) The holder of a company's issued shares of shareholders to fewer than 500, ring the last three financial years the annual total assets were lower than 10 million U.S. dollars. In addition, even if the companies reach these conditions, if the stock is still stock exchange or the NASDAQ market traded Information disclosure obligations not exempt. China's Corp. to become a public company has two ways : (a) is not targeted to offer shares to the public; (2) the number of shareholders exceeded 200. The following two situations could not Corp. is not targeted to offer shares to the public to become a public company : (1) to specific targets Corp. to issue stock to shareholders over 200 people; (2) transfer, inheritance, gifts, as a result of judicial decisions Corp. shareholders over 200 people. On public companies to disclose information and the responsibility to suspend or terminate the country, has not yet made the requirement. Compared with the United States, China has become a public company the "threshold" will be much lower, so Company become public companies and are required to fulfill the mandatory public disclosure obligations to the possibility of more. As the "Securities Act" will be public companies into the China Securities Regulatory Commission supervision, it can be expected that China Securities Regulatory Commission, the future of the companies will reach tens of thousands of homes in volume. 4, the private placement of securities system from the United States established a very good adjustment private placement of securities issued by private placement securities transfer system standards. Not only non-public companies can use private placement issue to raise funds and public companies and listed companies will be able to conct private placement of securities. In the United States, the issuer of the securities issued at the meeting as long as (1) non-open direct negotiations, (2) only to a small number of targeted distribution, it may seek exemption from registration under : (a) Private Placement Exemption, (2) D. Ordinance issued registration exemptions (including exemption from the rules 504, 505 exemption rules, rules 506 exemption) (3) issued to qualified investors registered exemption, (4) California issued a limited exemption from registration. China's new "Company Law" and "Securities Act" Although there is no direct introction of securities "Private Placement" expression But on the "joint-stock companies to set up specific targets to raise", "published by the definition of" "Non-public listed companies to issue new shares", in fact portrayal of our private placement of securities of the basic framework of the system. By the "Securities Act" Article 10 stipulates that "accumulated more than 200 people targeted in securities issued an" open issue securities, therefore, China's non-public offerings of securities is limited to the number of shareholders to less than 200 in the non-listed companies to target specific non-public side - issued securities, issued after the shareholders and not more than 200 persons in the issuance of securities acts. In addition to the issuance of securities are public. 200 in the number of shareholders over the company's shares issued any act which published. whether they are targeted at specific groups targeted or not, regardless of their form of a public or private. By legislative intent, my new "Securities Act" Section 2, Article 13 of "non-publicly listed companies to issue new shares, It should be consistent with the State Council's approval of the State Council securities regulatory agencies, in fact, reported to the State Council securities regulatory agencies approved "requirement should be interpreted as a listed company to issue new shares to specific targets. with the United States private placement of securities of listed companies are similar its conditions and proceres and is not targeted to be issued to the public entirely different.
給我分哦

E. 有關中美證券法的翻譯！！漢翻英！！

呵呵，我幫你把
China and the United States compared to the non-listed public companies, the main difference : the issuance of securities system, released to the public on a different definition of a public company to become the standard, private placement of securities of different definitions. 1, the securities distribution system from the United States to take the issue of the securities registration system, and joint-stock issuers, must first apply to the United States Securities Commission (SEC) registration. To facilitate the financing of enterprises, lower financing costs, related regulations of the seven can be exempted from registration. China's securities will be issued to the public to take approval system, and joint-stock offer shares to the public must be approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. And the United States compared to the distribution system, while China has not introced an "exempt" concept, but according to the "Company Law", In addition to the public and listed companies outside the Company to the targeted non-public offerings of stock only with the endorsement of the General Assembly or the shareholders Board approval (the "Company Law" 134th). issued after the completion of the company registration office will be registered (the "Company Law" 137th), equivalent to the "Private Placement exemptions." Second, to the public offering different definitions of the United States "Securities Act" definition, refers to public offerings of securities of issuers, Underwriters and brokers operating on the basis of their professional sales force, the use of advertising, fax, and other publicity and public-oriented marketing tool, not specific to selling investment securities, to obtain the funds. China's new "Securities Act" will be the 10th of the securities will be issued to the public is defined as : "one of the following conditions for public offerings : (1) not to target specific securities issued; (2) accumulated more than 200 people targeted in securities issued; (3) the legal and administrative regulations issued by other acts. Closed securities issued shall not be adopted advertising, proselytizing in public and covert and open manner. " Comparing China and the United States published by the Securities definition China "Securities Act" definition of a public offering of the same basic situation in the United States be issued to the public, in addition, China will "to accumulating more than 200 people targeted in the issue securities" is also defined as an open issue, and in the United States, "object to the specific securities issued" in most cases belong to the private placement areas. Clearly, our right to define released to the public than the United States to a much wider. Under the "Securities Act", "open issue" needs approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. Therefore, in addition Corp. "is not targeted to the public offering of securities" needs to be approved by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, future "to a total of more than 200 people targeted in securities issued" also needs approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, This may include both cases : (1) Company to the targeted Corp. to issue stock to shareholders over 200 people; (2) the number of shareholders exceeded 200 stock replenishment of the stock issuance.
給我分哦

F. 中國持美國債券過多原因及看法。

在世界上還沒有出現取代美國金融地位之前，買美國國債也是一種無奈的選擇，美國國債是由美國財政部發行的國家債券，但在現代，尤其是近年來的國際金融運作中，常常被用作一種比貨幣更安全，方便的支付手段。
分以下三類
(U.S.) Treasury Bills 短期國庫券 (U.S.) T-Bills
期限為13、26、或52周，多以折價方式拍售。最小購買金額為10 000美元，較大面額應為10 000美元的倍數。
(U.S.) Treasury Notes 中期國庫票據(U.S.) T-Notes
期限為2，3，4，5，7，10年的附息證券。4年期的在1990年12月停止發行，7年期的在1993年4月停止發行。所有的國庫票據都為固定利息，到期一次償還。債券最小面值1000美元。若期限低於4年，則最低購買金額為5000美元。大額購買應為1000美元的倍數。（發行額占總額60％左右，為美國政府主力債券）
(U.S.) Treasury Bonds 長期國庫債券(U.S.) T-Bonds
10年期以上的附息證券。所有證券都為固定利率，到期一次償還。最小面值1000美元，大額購買應為1000美元的倍數。在國際貿易中，美元屬於強勢貨幣，相對於其它比較小的經濟體系中，美元還是比較安全和方便支付，兌換比較方便，像新誕生的歐元到目前為止還沒有辦法取代美元，所以，中國，日本等經濟大國只有無奈地購買美國的國債，作為外匯儲備的一種方法，當然，過多地持有美元也不是辦法，適當增加黃金，原油和戰略性礦產資源的儲備才可以分散投資風險。

G. 中美兩國證券發行機制的不同

中美兩國證券發行機制的不同，中國發行的發現了原來都是但是都是替嫁醫交易。I'm每股發行的交易體制都是替加零交易。

H. 國內ipo跟美國ipo的區別

中國和美國IPO體制差異
核准制和注冊制是兩個大概念，簡單用這兩個概念來總結中美兩國證券監管理念並不太准確。從海內外經驗來看，在強調未經批准（核准或宣布生效）不能完成發行，以及強調披露質量的問題上，注冊制和核准制沒有實質差異。中美兩國在首發審核和流程上的差異，更多地表現為監管方式的具體細節上。
在監管方式上，在不少具體問題和具體細節上，中美兩國的確存在不少差異。本文僅就其中幾個業內人士比較關心的問題，對兩國的差異做一簡單介紹。
1、首發標准。美國1933年《證券法》沒有規定具體的首發標准，只要求公開發行必須注冊，同時，列舉了一些不需要注冊的證券（如商業銀行的存款單）和不需要注冊的行為（如私募發行）。與美國兩個交易所的上市標准相比，我國的首發標准（以及上市標准）涵蓋范圍大、主觀性標准多、給發行人留的餘地也較少。
2、發行審核流程。美國首發的發行審核流程強調公開，實際操作中表現為高效、有預期。在我國證券發行核准制下，申請材料的公開程度不高、公開的時點較晚。
3、審核方式。美國上市發行審核側重信息披露。國內許多申請文件，比如法律意見書、國內券商的盡職調查過程和結果，美國證監會都不管，主要留給市場來管。