㈠ the functions of british Parliamentin your own words!
自己抄吧~~~
英国议会的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。 3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。 4.The House of Common is elected by universal alt suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。 5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。 6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和工党。从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为“反对党”，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。
㈡ 英文介绍不列颠哥伦比亚
British Columbia i/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington.[4][5]
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
British Columbia's economy is largely resource-based. It is the endpoint of transcontinental highways and railways and the site of major Pacific ports, which enable international trade. Less than five percent of its land is arable; the province is agriculturally rich (particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan Valleys) because of its mild weather. Its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging and mining. While the coast of BC and certain valleys in the south-central part of the province have mild weather, the majority of BC's land mass experiences a cold winter temperate to subarctic climate similar to the rest of Canada.
出自维基网络
㈢ 邱吉尔在二战期间对德宣战演讲稿
Iron Curtain Speech
by Winston Churchill, 1946
本文名句： "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."
President McCluer, ladies and gentlemen, and last, but certainly not least, the President of the United States of America:
I am very glad indeed to come to Westminster College this afternoon, and I am complimented that you should give me a degree from an institution whose reputation has been so solidly established. The name "Westminster" somehow or other seems familiar to me. I feel as if I have heard of it before. Indeed now that I come to think of it, it was at Westminster that I received a very large part of my ecation in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and one or two other things. In fact we have both been ecated at the same, or similar, or, at any rate, kindred establishments.
It is also an honor, ladies and gentlemen, perhaps almost unique, for a private visitor to be introced to an academic audience by the President of the United States. Amid his heavy burdens, ties, and responsibilities--unsought but not recoiled from--the President has traveled a thousand miles to dignify and magnify our meeting here to-day and to give me an opportunity of addressing this kindred nation, as well as my own countrymen across the ocean, and perhaps some other countries too. The President has told you that it is his wish, as I am sure it is yours, that I should have full liberty to give my true and faithful counsel in these anxious and baffling times. I shall certainly avail myself of this freedom, and feel the more right to do so because any private ambitions I may have cherished in my younger days have been satisfied beyond my wildest dreams. Let me however make it clear that I have no official mission or status of any kind, and that I speak only for myself. There is nothing here but what you see.
I can therefore allow my mind, with the experience of a lifetime, to play over the problems which beset us on the morrow of our absolute victory in arms, and to try to make sure with what strength I have that what has gained with so much sacrifice and suffering shall be preserved for the future glory and safety of mankind.
Ladies and gentlemen, the United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. If you look around you, you must feel not only the sense of ty done but also you must feel anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement. Opportunity is here and now, clear and shining for both our countries. To reject it or ignore it or fritter it away will bring upon us all the long reproaches of the after-time. It is necessary that the constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall rule and guide the conct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement.
President McCluer, when American military men approach some serious situation they are wont to write at the head of their directive the words "over-all strategic concept". There is wisdom in this, as it leads to clarity of thought. What then is the over-all strategic concept which we should inscribe to-day? It is nothing less than the safety and welfare, the freedom and progress, of all the homes and families of all the men and women in all the lands. And here I speak particularly of the myriad cottage or apartment homes where the wage-earner strives amid the accidents and difficulties of life to guard his wife and children from privation and bring the family up the fear of the Lord, or upon ethical conceptions which often play their potent part.
To give security to these countless homes, they must be shielded form two gaunt marauders, war and tyranny. We al know the frightful disturbance in which the ordinary family is plunged when the curse of war swoops down upon the bread-winner and those for whom he works and contrives. The awful ruin of Europe, with all its vanished glories, and of large parts of Asia glares us in the eyes. When the designs of wicked men or the aggressive urge of mighty States dissolve over large areas the frame of civilized society, humble folk are confronted with difficulties with which they cannot cope. For them is all distorted, all is broken, all is even ground to pulp.
When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualize what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this period when famine stalks the earth. None can compute what has been called "the unestimated sum of human pain". Our supreme task and ty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war. We are all agreed on that.
Our American military colleagues, after having proclaimed their "over-all strategic concept" and computed available resources, always proceed to the next step--namely, the method. Here again there is widespread agreement. A world organization has already been erected for the prime purpose of preventing war. UNO, the successor of the League of Nations, with the decisive addition of the United States and all that that means, is already at work. We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham, that it is a force for action, and not merely a frothing of words, that it is a true temple of peace in which the shields of many nations can some day be hung up, and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel. Before we cast away the solid assurances of national armaments for self-preservation we must be certain that our temple is built, not upon shifting sands or quagmires, but upon a rock. Anyone can see with his eyes open that our path will be difficult and also long, but if we persevere together as we did in the two world wars--though not, alas, in the interval between them--I cannot doubt that we shall achieve our common purpose in the end.
I have, however, a definite and practical proposal to make for action. Courts and magistrates may be set up but they cannot function without sheriffs and constables. The United Nations Organization must immediately begin to be equipped with an international armed force. In such a matter we can only go step by step, but we must begin now. I propose that each of the Powers and States should be invited to dedicate a certain number of air squadrons to the service of the world organization. These squadrons would be trained and prepared in their own countries, but would move around in rotation from one country to another. They would wear the uniforms of their own countries but with different badges. They would not be required to act against their own nation, but in other respects they would be directed by the world organization. This might be started on a modest scale and it would grow as confidence grew. I wished to see this done after the first world war, and I devoutly trust that it may be done forthwith.
It would nevertheless, ladies and gentlemen, be wrong and imprudent to entrust the secret knowledge or experience of the atomic bomb, which the United States, great Britain, and Canada now share, to the world organization, while still in its infancy. It would be criminal madness to cast it adrift in this still agitated and un-united world. No one country has slept less well in their beds because this knowledge and the method and the raw materials to apply it, are present largely retained in American hands. I do not believe we should all have slept so soundly had the positions been reversed and some Communist or neo-Fascist State monopolized for the time being these dread agencies. The fear of them alone might easily have been used to enforce totalitarian systems upon the free democratic world, with consequences appalling to human imagination. God has willed that this shall not be and we have at least a breathing space to set our world house in order before this peril has to be encountered: and even then, if no effort is spared, we should still possess so formidable a superiority as to impose effective deterrents upon its employment, or threat of employment, by others. Ultimately, when the essential brotherhood of man is truly embodied and expressed in a world organization with all the necessary practical safeguards to make it effective, these powers would naturally be confided to that world organizations.
Now I come to the second of the two marauders, to the second danger which threatens the cottage homes, and the ordinary people -- namely, tyranny. We cannot be blind to the fact that the liberties enjoyed by indivial citizens throughout the United States and throughout the British Empire are not valid in a considerable number of countries, some of which are very powerful. In these States control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of all-embracing police governments to a degree which is overwhelming and contrary to every principle of democracy. The power of the State is exercised without restraint, either by dictators or by compact oligarchies operating through a privileged party and a political police. It is not our ty at this time when difficulties are so numerous to interfere forcibly in the internal affairs of countries which we have not conquered in war. but we must never cease to proclaim in fearless tones the great principles of freedom and the rights of man which are the joint inheritance of the English-speaking world and which through Magna Carta, the Bill of rights, the Habeas Corpus, trial by jury, and the English common law find their most famous expression in the American Declaration of Independence.
All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practice -- let us practice what we preach.
Though I have now stated the two great dangers which menace the home of the people, War and Tyranny, I have not yet spoken of poverty and privation which are in many cases the prevailing anxiety. But if the dangers of war and tyranny are removed, there is no doubt that science and cooperation can bring in the next few years, certainly in the next few decades, to the world, newly taught in the sharpening school of war, an expansion of material well-being beyond anything that has yet occurred in human experience.
Now, at this sad and breathless moment, we are plunged in the hunger and distress which are the aftermath of our stupendous struggle; but this will pass and may pass quickly, and there is no reason except human folly or sub-human crime which should deny to all the nations the inauguration and enjoyment of an age of plenty. I have often used words which I learn fifty years ago from a great Irish-American orator, a friend of mine, Mr. Bourke Cockran, "There is enough for all. The earth is a generous mother; she will provide in plentiful abundance food for all her children if they will but cultivate her soil in justice and peace." So far I feel that we are in full agreement.
Now, while still pursing the method--the method of realizing our over-all strategic concept, I come to the crux of what I have traveled here to say. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organization will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States of America. Ladies and gentlemen, this is no time for generality, and I will venture to the precise. Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of society, but the continuance of the intimate relations between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers, the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges. It should carry with it the continuance of the present facilities for mutual security by the joint use of all Naval and Air Force bases in the possession of either country all over the world. This would perhaps double the mobility of the American Navy and Air Force. It would greatly expand that of the British Empire forces and it might well lead, if and as the world calms down, to important financial savings. Already we use together a large number of islands; more may well be entrusted to our joint care in the near future.
the United States has already a Permanent Defense Agreement with the Dominion of Canada, which is so devotedly attached to the British Commonwealth and the Empire. This Agreement is more effective than many of those which have been made under formal alliances. This principle should be extended to all the British Commonwealths with full reciprocity. Thus, whatever happens, and thus only, shall we be secure ourselves and able to works together for the high and simple causes that are dear to us and bode no ill to any. Eventually there may come -- I feel eventually there will come -- the principle of common citizenship, but that we may be content to leave to destiny, whose outstretched arm many of us can already clearly see.
There is however an important question we must ask ourselves. Would a special relationship between the United States and the British Commonwealth be inconsistent with our over-riding loyalties to the World Organization? I reply that, on the contrary, it is probably the only means by which that organization will achieve its full stature and strength. There are already the special United States relations with Canada that I have just mentioned, and there are the relations between the United States and the South American Republics. We British have also our twenty years Treaty of Collaboration and Mutual Assistance with Soviet Russia. I agree with Mr. Bevin, the Foreign Secretary of Great Britain, that it might well be a fifty years treaty so far as we are concerned. We aim at nothing but mutual assistance and collaboration with Russia. The British have an alliance with Portugal unbroken since the year 1384, and which proced fruitful results at a critical moment in the recent war. None of these clash with the general interest of a world agreement, or a world organization; on the contrary, they help it. "In my father's house are many mansions." Special associations between members of the United Nations which have no aggressive point against any other country, which harbor no design incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations, far from being harmful, are beneficial and, as I believe, indispensable.
I spoke earlier, ladies and gentlemen, of the Temple of Peace. Workmen from all countries must build that temple. If two of the workmen know each other particularly well and are old friends, if their families are intermingled, if they have "faith in each other's purpose, hope in each other's future and charity towards each other's shortcomings"--to quote some good words I read here the other day--why cannot they work together at the common task as friends and partners? Why can they not share their tools and thus increase each other's working powers? Indeed they must do so or else the temple may not be built, or, being built, it may collapse, and we should all be proved again unteachable and have to go and try to learn again for a third time in a school of war incomparably more rigorous than that from which we have just been released. The dark ages may return, the Stone Age may return on the gleaming wings of science, and what might now shower immeasurable material blessings upon mankind, may even bring about its total destruction. Beware, I say; time may be short. Do not let us take the course of allowing events to drift along until it is too late. If there is to be a fraternal association of the kind of I have described, with all the strength and security which both our countries can derive from it, let us make sure that that great fact is known to the world, and that it plays its part in steadying and stabilizing the foundations of peace. There is the path of wisdom. Prevention is better than the cure.
A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately light by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshall Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain -- and I doubt not here also -- towards the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. We understand the Russian need to be secure on her western frontiers by the removal of all possibility of German aggression. We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. Above all, we welcome, or should welcome, constant, frequent and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my ty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you. It is my ty to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.
Turkey and Persia are both profoundly alarmed and disturbed at the claims which are being made upon them and at the pressure being exerted by the Moscow Government. An attempt is being made by the Russians in Berlin to build up a quasi-Communist party in their zone of occupied Germany by showing special favors to groups of left-wing German leaders. At the end of the fighting last June, the American and British Armies withdrew westward, in accordance with an earlier agreement, to a depth at some points of 150 miles upon a front of nearly four hundred miles, in order to allow our Russian allies to occupy this vast expanse of territory which the Western Democracies had conquered.
If no the Soviet Government tries, by separate act
㈣ 詹天佑的简介
詹天佑，字眷诚，江西婺源人。1861年（清咸丰十一年）出生在一个普通茶商家庭。儿时的詹天佑对机器十分感兴趣，常和邻里孩子一起，用泥土仿做各种机器模型。有时，他还偷偷地把家里的自鸣钟拆开，摆弄和捉摸里面的构件，提出一些连大人也无法解答的问题。1872年，年仅十二岁的詹天佑到香港报考清政府筹办的“幼童出洋预习班”。考取后，父亲在一张写明“倘有疾病生死，各安天命”的出洋证明书上画了押。从此，他辞别父母，怀着学习西方“技艺”的理想，来到美国就读。
在美国，出洋预习班的同学们，目睹北美西欧科学 技术的巨大成就，对机器、火车、轮船及电讯制造业的迅速发展赞叹不已。有的同学由此对中国的前途产生悲观情绪，詹天佑却怀着坚定的信念说：“今后，中国也要有火车、轮船。”他怀着为祖国富强而发奋学习的信念，刻苦学习，于1867年以优异的成绩毕业于纽海文中学业。同年五月考入耶鲁大学土木工程系，专攻铁路工程。在大学的四年中，詹天佑刻苦学习，以突出成绩在毕业考试中名列第一。1881年，在一百二十名回国的中国留学生中，获得学位的只有两人，詹天佑就是其中的一个。
回国后，詹天佑满腔热忱地准备把所学本领贡献给祖国的铁路事业。但是，清政府洋务派官员迷信外国，在修筑铁路时一味依靠洋人，竟不顾詹天佑的专业特长，把他差遣到福建水师学堂学驾驶海船。1882年11月又被派往旗舰“扬武”号担任驾驶官，指挥操练。1883年，中法战争爆发，第二年，蓄谋已久的法国舰队陆续进入闽江，蠢蠢欲动。可是主管福建水师的投降派船政大臣何如璋却不闻不问，甚至下令：“不准先行开炮，违者虽胜亦斩！”这时，詹天佑便私下对“扬武”号管带（舰长）张成说：“法国兵船来了很多，居心叵测。虽然我们接到命令，不准先行开炮，但我们决不能不预先防备。”由于詹天佑的告诫，“扬武”号十分警惕，作好了战斗准备。当法国舰队发起突然袭击时，詹天佑冒着猛烈的炮火，沉着机智地指挥“扬武”号左来右往；避开敌方炮火，抓住战机用尾炮击中法国指挥舰“伏尔他”号，使法国海军远征司令孤拔险些丧命。对这场海战，上海英商创办的《字林西报》在报道中也不得不惊异地赞叹：“西方人士料不到中国人会这样勇敢力战。‘扬武’号兵舰上的五个学生，以詹天佑的表现最为勇敢。他临大敌而毫无惧色，并且在生死存亡的紧要关头还能镇定如常，鼓足勇气，在水中救起多人……”
从战后到1888年，詹天佑儿经周折，转入中国铁路公司，担任工程师，这是他献身中国铁路事业的开始。
刚上任不久，詹天佑就遇到了一次考验。当时从天津到山海关的津榆铁路修到滦河，要造一座横跨滦河的铁路桥。滦河河床泥沙很深，又遇到水涨急流。铁桥开始由号称世界第一流的英国工程师担任设计，但失败了；后来请日本工程师衽实行包工，也不顶用，最后让德国工程师出马，不久也败下阵来。詹天佑要求由中国人自己来搞，负责工程的英国人在走投无路的情况下，只得同意詹天佑来试试。
詹天佑是一个认真踏实的人，他分析总结了三个外国工程师失败的原因后，身着工作衣与工人一起实地调查，（P116）密测量。夜晚，借着幽暗的油灯，又仔细研究滦河河床的地质构造，反复分析比较，最后才确定桥墩的位置，并且大胆决定采用新方法——“压气沉箱法”来进行桥墩的施工。詹天佑果然成功了滦河大桥建成了。这件事震惊了世界：一个中国工程师居然解决了三个外国工程师无法完成的大难题。
詹天佑初战告捷后，立刻遇到了更为严峻的考验。1905年，清政府决定兴建我国第一条铁路京张铁路（北京至张家口）。英俄都想插手，由于中国人民的强烈反对，他们的企图没能得逞。英俄使臣以威胁的口吻说：“如果京张铁路由中国工程师自己建造，那么与英俄两国无关。”他们原以为这么一来，中国就无法建造这条铁路了。在这关键时刻，詹天佑毫不犹豫地接下了这个艰巨的任务，全权负责京张铁路的修筑。消息传来，一些帝国主义分子及英国报刊挖苦说：“中国能够修筑这条铁路的工程师还在娘胎里没出世呢！中国人想不靠外国人自己修铁路，就算不是梦想，至少也得五十年。”他们甚至攻击詹天佑担任总办兼总工程师是“狂妄自大”、“不自量力”。詹天佑顶着压力，坚持不任用一个外国工程师，并表示：“中国地大物博，而于一路之工必须借重外人，我以为耻！”“中国已经醒过来了，中国人要用自己的工程师和自己的钱来建筑铁路。”
1905年8月，京张铁路正式开工，紧张的勘探、选线工作开始了。詹天佑带着测量队，身背仪器，日夜奔波在崎岖的山岭上。一天傍晚，猛烈的西北风卷着沙石在八达岭一带呼啸怒吼，刮得人睁不开眼睛，测量队急着结束工作，填个测得的数字，就从岩壁上爬下来。詹天佑接过本子，一边翻看填写的数字，一边疑惑地问：“数据准确吗”？“差不多”，测量队员回答说。詹天佑严肃地说：“技术的第一个要求是精密，不能有一点模糊和轻率，‘大概’、‘差不多’这类说法不应该出于工程人员之口。”接着，他背起仪器，冒着风沙，重新吃力地攀到岩壁上，认真地复勘了一遍，修正了一个误差。当他下来时，嘴唇也冻青了。
不久，勘探和施工进入最困难的阶段。在八达岭、青龙桥一带，山峦重迭，陡壁悬岩，要开四条隧道，其中最长的达一千多米。詹天佑经过精确测量计算，决定采取分段施工法：从山的南北两端同时对凿，并在山的中段开一口大井，在井中再向南北两端对凿。这样既保证了施工质量，又加快了工程进度。凿洞时，大量的石块全靠人工一锹锹地挖，涌出的泉水要一担担地挑出来，身为总工程师的詹天佑毫无架子，与工人同挖石，同挑水，一身污泥一脸汗。他还鼓舞大家说：“京张铁路是我们用自己的人、自己的钱修建的第一条铁路，全世界的眼睛都在望着我们，必须成功！”“无论成功或失败，决不是我们自己的成功和失败，而是我们国家的成功和失败！”
为了克服陡坡行车的困难，保证火车安全爬上八达岭，詹天佑独具匠心，创造性地运用“折返线”原理，在山多坡陡的青龙桥地段设计了一段人字形线路，从而减少了隧道的开挖，降低了坡度。列车开到这里，配合两台大马力机车，一拉一推，保证列车安全上坡。
詹天佑对全线工程曾提出“花钱少，质量好，完工快”三项要求。京张铁路经过工人们几处奋斗，终于在1909年9月全线通车。原计划六年完成，结果只用了四年就提前完工，工程费用只及外国人估价的五分之一。一些欧美工程师乘车参观后啧啧称道，赞誉詹天佑了不起。但詹天佑却谦虚地说：“这是京张铁路一万多员工的力量，不是我个人的功劳，光荣是应该属于大家的。”
京张铁路建成后，詹天佑又继任了粤汉铁路督办兼总工程师。这时，美国决定授予他工科博士学位，要他亲自去美国参加授衔仪式。为了全力参加祖国铁路建设，他放弃了这一荣誉。
辛亥革命后，詹天佑为了振兴铁路事业，和同行了起成立中华工程学会，并被推为会长。这期间，他对青年工程技术人员的培养倾注了大量心血，他除了以自己的行为作出榜样外，还勉励青年“精研学术，以资发明”，要求他们“勿屈己徇人，勿沽名而钓誉。以诚接物，毋挟褊私，圭璧束身，以为范例。”
詹天佑从事铁路事业三十多年，几乎和当时我国的每一条铁路都有不同程度的关系。到晚年，因积劳成疾，不幸于1919年病逝。周恩来同志曾高度评价詹天佑的功绩，说他是“中国人的光荣”。
詹天佑英文简介
Tianyou (1861-1919), wife and children - and word-flows and native Anhui inspecting (currently under Jiangxi), Qianlong 25 years (1760), grandfather of tea with family members to Guangzhou operating business. Jiaqing 21 years (1816), grandfather moved outside 12 just West, the South China Sea 25 years naturalization counties (12 of the South China Sea just at the time of arrest). Represented parents live in just 12. Represented was born in Guangzhou. Rule together 11 years (1872), as young as 12 years old represented the first successful U.S.-selected government study, with his Hong traveling abroad. 1878 (1878) entered the United States Yale University Civil Engineering Department, the study projects, outstanding. Guangxu seven years after the return, sent ships Councils Fuzhou Navy ships driving school to learn, by five goods military exploit. The following year graated in Jan force of warships sent. Guangxu decade of Fuzhou ship Councils school teacher for teaching seriously, by the Qing government Dingdai five goods. In autumn, the Governor should be sold Zhangdong request, to the Guangdong Province Guangdong Whampoa real learning Museum teacher. After a study hall instead learned Museum, surface inspection division. Represented continuation, and in the design and construction of Battery mapping coastal charts. Guangxu 14 years to Tianjin-China Railway Engineering Corporation Gang Division (now the engineers. The same below), in the construction of Jingu Railway. Later in the construction of Tianjin elm Railway, the use of "pressure gas caisson method" piling, the successful completion of the Great River Bridge Luan River bridge foundation works to address the unresolved problems of foreign engineers. Guangxu 20 years been absorbed in the British Civil Engineering Institute. Thereafter has engaged in Tianjin Lo, Jinzhou, Ping, sweet wine such as railway construction. Guangxu 28 years, appointed a new independent Yi railway projects for my own preparations for Beijing Zhang railway done. Guangxu She recommended to the Department of Business, a 4-foot 8-inch National Unity (1.435 m) standards track uniform engineering standards, promote the use of automatic coupling to our own design and lay a sound foundation for the construction of the railway. This year, he was appointed to the Department, the Department of Road Works Members and mail consultants, and elected to Shanghai, the European Institute of Architects Royal Engineers. In the same year he was transferred to Beijing Zhang, Chief Engineer of the railway will run, the total run, the construction of Beijing Zhang Railway. According to the terrain will be represented in Shanyao tracks running "person" font, circuitous travel, followed and, in order to meet the Tsing Lung Bridge, the route than originally planned to rece by half. Railway line in Beijing Zhang construction process, the use of blasting France, launched Block 4 Tunnel. Badaling tunnels which span 1,091 metres, drilling, construction of a straight wells France, accelerated progress cave had no little difference to Jing Zhang railway built two years earlier, in Xuantong Period 145,000 (1909) officially opened in August. British chief engineer Kinda Cox also agreed with the "music." Jing Zhang of China Railway built a milestone in the development of modern science and technology, represented the first railway to train engineers for the construction of a well-developed railway and railway traffic management, road maintenance, motorcycles, cable, and a patrol. Xuantong Period 2002 (1910), represented by the court in awarding engineering Scholars first. Xuantong Period spring back to the Guangzhou office of three years 粤汉 Canton Railway Corporation to run Premier (general manager) and the total project Division. In May leading Guangdong Lu company Lo authorities against court to "state" for the right to sell foreign player Lu. Wuchang Uprising, leading Yue - Han Railroad personnel to all positions and ensure that trains will operate in support of the Revolution of 1911. The first (1912) in May represented in the sand Station (provincial Yue - Han Railroad Company headquarters) to Dr. Sun Yat-sen inspections. July was appointed Yue - Han Railroad will be running. In December Renhan Guangdong and Sichuan Road will be done to help manage and competent engineering services. In Guangzhou tenure, the creation of a multidisciplinary academic groups Guangdong China engineer, was elected the first president. 1913, the initiative will be engineers Guangdong China, the Shanghai Institute, the Shanghai Road will be merged my masonic 3 in the establishment of China Hankow engineers will be elected the first president. Granted by the government in 1914 and was promoted to second class Jiahe Zhang Han Guangdong and Sichuan for rail handling, after his election as Member of the British railway track. 1919, on behalf of Northeast China to attend the joint supervision of the Far East Railway International Conference strongly defend national sovereignty. Represented write a "Railway terminology table", "Wa Ying workers learn new vocabulary," and has edited the "Jing Zhang railway standards," and "Jing Zhang Railway Discipline slightly." 24 April 1919 at Hankow under death behind Beijing. By the PRC Ministry of Railways in 1982 held a grand ceremony of the Tsing Lung Bridge Juyongguan have left the station.
㈤ 詹天佑英语简介！
詹天佑的资料
詹天佑的资料 - 詹天佑简介
詹天佑，字眷诚。1861年生于广东南海县。1872年7月8日年仅12岁的詹天佑作为中国第一批官办留美学生留学美国。
詹天佑在美国先后就学于威哈吩小学，弩哈吩中学，1881年又以优异成绩毕业于耶鲁大学，并写出题为《码头起重机的研究》的毕业论文，获学士学位，并于同年回国。回国后詹天佑入马尾船政前学堂学习，学成后派往福建水师旗舰“扬武”任炮手，参加了马尾海战。战后被调入黄埔水师学堂任教习。
福建水师旗舰“扬武”
1888年，詹天佑由老同学邝孙谋的推荐，到中国铁路公司任工程师。被湮没了七年之久的詹天佑才有机会献身于祖国的铁路事业。此时正值天津-唐山铁路施工，他不愿久居天津，就亲临工地，与工人同甘共苦，结果只用八十天的时间就竣工通车了。但李鸿章却以英人金达之功上奏，并提升金达为总工程师。詹天佑之功就这样被剽窃了。
1890年清政府又修关内外铁路（今京沈铁路），以金达为总工程师。1892年工程进行到滦河大桥，许多国家都想兜揽这桩生意，金达当然以英人为先，但英人喀克斯以建不成桥而失败。日本、德国的承包者也都遭失败。由于交工期限将至，金达才不得不求于詹天佑。詹天佑详尽分析了各国失败原因，又对滦河底的地质土壤进行了周密的测量研究之后，决定改变桩址，采用中国传统的方法，以中国的潜水员潜入河底，配以机器操作，胜利完成了打桩任务，建成滦河大桥。这一胜利长了中国人民的志气。1894年英国工程研究会选举詹天佑为该会会员。
此后，詹天佑又领导了京津路、萍醴路（萍乡至醴陵）等铁路的建筑。
袁世凯为讨好那拉氏，1902年奏请修建一条专供皇室祭祖之用的新易铁路（高碑店至易县）。坐火车去祭祖，那拉氏自然高兴。为了不误1903年祭祖之用，命袁世凯于六个月内完工。袁世凯命詹天佑为总工程师。尽管此路价值不大，却是中国人自修铁路之始，因此詹天佑仍是非常重视。詹天佑彻底抛弃了当时外国人必须在路基修成之后风干一年才可铺轨的常规，仅用四个月的时间以极省的费用建成新易铁路。大大鼓舞了中国人自建铁路的信心，为后来京张铁路的修筑打下良好基础。
张家口为北京通往内蒙古的要冲，南北旅商来往之孔道，向来为兵家所必争，因此京张铁路就有着重要的经济价值和政治价值。当清廷要修京张路的消息传出后，在华势力最大的英国志在必得，视长城以北为其势力范围的沙俄誓不相让，双方争持不下，最后达成协议：如果清廷不借外债，不用洋匠，全由中国人自修此路，双方可都不伸手。这样，清政府就打消了求救于洋人的念头而一心自修了。
1905年5月，京张铁路总局和工程局成立，以陈昭常为总办，詹天佑为会办兼总工程师，1906年詹天佑又升为总办兼总工程师。詹天佑清楚地知道这一任务的艰巨性，他首先必须顶住来自各方面的冷嘲热讽：有人说他是“自不量力”，“不过花几个钱罢了”，甚至说他是“胆大妄为”。他给他的美国老师诺索朴夫人的信中就这样说：“如果京张工程失败的话，不但是我的不幸，中国工程师的不幸，同时带给中国很大损失。在我接受这一任务前后，许多外国人露骨地宣称中国工程师不能担当京张线的石方和山洞的艰巨工程，但是我坚持我工程”。充分体现了中国知识分子的爱国心和民族责任心。
詹天佑勘测了三条路线，第二条绕道过远为不可取。第三条就是今天的丰沙线。由于清廷拨款有限，时间紧迫，詹天佑决定采用第一条路线，即从丰台北上西直门、沙河、经南口、居庸关、八达岭、怀来、鸡鸣驿、宣化到张家口，全长360华里。全线的难关在关沟，这一带叠峦重嶂，悬殊峭壁，工程之难在当时为全国所没有，世界所罕见；坡度极大，南口和八达岭的高度相差180丈。詹天佑把全线分为三段：丰台到南口为第一段，南口到康庄为第二段，余为第三段。
1905年9月4日正式开工，12月12日开始铺轨。就在铺轨的第一天，一列工程车的一个车钩链子折断，造成脱轨事故。这一下成了中国人不能自修铁路的证据，各种诽谤中伤纷至沓来。但詹天佑没有惊慌失措，反倒冷静地想到：此路坡度极大，每节车厢之间的连接性能稍有不固，事故就难避免。为此，他使用了自动挂钩法，终于解决了这个问题。
1906年9月30日第一段工程全部通车，第二段工程同时开始。难关就在第二段，首先必须打通居庸关、五桂头、石佛寺、八达岭四条隧道，最长的八达岭隧道1，092公尺。这不仅要有精确的计算和正确的指挥，还要有新式的开山机、通风机和抽水机。前者对詹天佑都不成问题，而后者当时中国全都没有，只在靠工人的双手，其困难程度可以想见。他们硬是克服了重重困难，终于在1908年9月完成了第二段工程。
第三段工程的难度仅次于关沟，首先遇到的是怀来大桥，这是京张路上最长的一座桥，它由七根一百英尺长的钢梁架设而成。由于詹天佑正确地指挥，及时建成。1909年4月2日火车通到下花园。下花园到鸡鸣驿矿区岔道一段虽不长，工程极难。右临羊河，左傍石山，山上要开一条六丈深的通道，山下要垫高七华里长的河床。詹天佑即以山上开道之石来垫山下河床。为防山洪冲击路基，又用水泥砖加以保护，胜利完成了第三段工段。
对于工程上的困难，詹天佑从未放在眼里，对于人为的障碍却使詹天佑忧愤至极。清河有个叫广宅的人，是前任道员，皇室载泽的亲戚，朝野均有势力。铁路恰经其坟地，他即率众闹事，阻止工程，私下又许以重贿，要求改道。邮传部竟不敢过问。这里北面是郑王坟，南面是宦官坟，西面是那拉氏父亲桂公坟，要大改道不知要浪费多少时间和经费。詹天佑以受贿为可耻，绝不改道，竟以去留相力争。最后因五大臣出洋被炸，载泽吓得不敢与闻外事，广宅才因失去靠山而同意经其坟墙以外通过。
那拉氏为修颐和园每年不惜数千万金，独不愿为修路出钱。京张铁路经费全靠关内外铁路的赢余，而此款却被控制在英国汇丰银行手中，正当进入第二段工程时，汇丰银行故意刁难，拖付款饷，造成误工。詹天佑既不善钻营于权贵，更耻于逢迎于洋人，因而愤懑至极。
帝国主义无时不想夺取此路，工程一开始，日本人雨宫敬次郎就上书袁世凯说：中国人无力修成此路，不如聘请日本技师较为稳妥。英国人金达也来替日本说项。詹天佑以此路决不任用任何一个外国人为由断然拒绝。居庸关遂道工程开始后，三五成群的外国人，以打猎为名常来窥探，他们希望工程失败以便乘人之危。詹天佑以出色的成绩为中国人出了这口气。
京张铁路建成典礼
此路原订六年完成，詹天佑终于提前两年于1909年8月11日全线通车了，还节余二十八万两银子。京张路的胜利完成，是中国人民的胜利，也是中国爱国知识分子爱国精神的充分体现。
京张路完式之后，詹天佑应广东商办粤汉铁路总公司的聘请，于1910年任该公司总理，又于1912年5月兼任汉粤川铁路会办。由于中国政府的腐败无能，帝国主义的在华角逐，竟使这位爱国的、天才的杰出工程师不能施展才能，焦虑至极。终因劳瘁成疾，于1919年4月24日下午三时半逝世于汉口，享年五十九岁。
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㈥ 华盛顿的英文个人资料
Washington resigned his commission in 1754, but in May 1755 he began service as a volunteer aide-de-camp to the British general Edward Braddock, who had been sent to Virginia with a force of British regulars. A few kilometers from Fort Duquesne, Braddock抯 men were ambushed by a band of French soldiers and Indians. Braddock was mortally wounded, and Washington, who behaved gallantly ring the conflict, narrowly escaped death. In August 1755 he was appointed (with the rank of colonel) to command the Virginia regiment, charged with the defense of the long western frontier of the colony. War between France and Britain was officially declared in May 1756, and while the principal struggle moved to other areas, Washington succeeded in keeping the Virginia frontier relatively safe.
The American Revolution.
After the death of his elder half brother Lawrence (1718?2), Washington inherited the plantation known as Mount Vernon. A spectacular rise in the price of tobacco ring the 1730s and ?0s, combined with his marriage in 1759 to Martha Custis, a young widow with a large estate, made him one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. Elected to the House of Burgesses in 1758, he served conscientiously but without special distinction for 17 years. He also gained political and administrative experience as justice of the peace for Fairfax Co.
Like other Virginia planters, Washington became alarmed by the repressive measures of the British crown and Parliament in the 1760s and early ?0s. In July 1774 he presided over a meeting in Alexandria that adopted the Fairfax Resolves, calling for the establishment and enforcement of a stringent boycott on British imports prior to similar action by the First Continental Congress. Together with his service in the House of Burgesses, his public response to unpopular British policies won Washington election as a Virginia delegate to the First Continental Congress in September and October 1774 and to the Second Continental Congress in 1775.
The opening campaigns of the war.
When fighting broke out between Massachusetts and the British in 1775, Congress named Washington commander of its newly created Continental army, hoping thus to promote unity between New England and Virginia. He took command of the makeshift force besieging the British in Boston in mid-July, and when the enemy evacuated the city in March 1776, he moved his army to New York. Defeated there in August by Gen. William Howe, he withdrew from Manhattan to establish a new defensive line north of New York City. In November he retreated across the Hudson River into New Jersey, and a month later crossed the Delaware to safety in Pennsylvania.
㈦ 英语翻译 求大神
The Upper House, also known as the House of Lords. Members of the Upper House are appointed, not elected, with its membership being made up of royal descent, hereditary nobles and other hereditary peers. The House of Lords acts as the final court of appeal in the British judicial system. Other than serving as the United Kingdom's only court of last resort, the main task of the House of Lords is the approval of bills adopted by the House of Commons. In fact, the House of Lords have no real power.
The Lower House is also known as the House of Commons. Members are elected and usually serve for five years. However, the ruling government may choose to call an early election owing to political changes or reasons. According to the Constitution, the party manages to secure the majority seats in the election will become the ruling party.
The Cabinet has been the principal executive group of the British Government. The Cabinet makes policy decisions, including decisions about how policies will be implemented in legislation. The Parliament is largely influenced by the Cabinet.
The Prime Minister, who presides over the Cabinet, in fact, is the country's most powerful political figure.
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㈧ enoch powell 是谁
约翰伊诺克鲍威尔（enoch powell），MBE（1912–1998）古典学者、诗人和政治家，准将。保守（1950–1974）和爱尔兰统一（1974–MP 1987）。议会秘书，住房和地方政府部门（1955 - 1957），财政部长（1958 - 1957），卫生部长（1960 - 1963）。支持自由市场经济和第一位英国政治家主张货币主义。著名的parlamentarian，领先的反移民活动家和杰出的怀疑论者。