① 求 一篇关于外贸，外汇储备之类的英文文章！！
中国外汇储备今年首季再增
China's build up of FX reserves
Lex
Friday, April 25, 2008
China's foreign exchange reserves rose by $154bn ring the first quarter, a record even by the country's own impressive standards. Yet there are some clues that this may understate the build up of foreign assets, in turn suggesting “hot money” flows into China have accelerated and that holding down the exchange rate is getting harder.
今年第一季度，中国外汇储备增长1540亿美元，即便按照中国惊人的增长标准，这也是一个创纪录的数字。然而，一些迹象表明，这可能还低估了外汇资产的增长，进而说明“热钱”涌入中国的速度有所加快，而压低汇率的难度正不断加大。
China has not yet published a full set of current and capital accounts for the first quarter. That leaves the reserves number as the best proxy. There are two reasons to believe that it understates the position. First, the People's Bank of China is transferring funds to China Investment Corp, the fledgeling sovereign wealth fund with a $200bn kitty. The timing is unclear, but economists estimate that up to $100bn of that target could have been shifted to CIC in the first quarter.
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中国尚未发布今年第一季度经常账户及资本账户的整套数据。外汇储备数据因此成为了最佳分析替代。之所以说该数据低估了目前的形势，原因有两点：首先，中国人民银行(PB0C)正向新成立的主权财富基金中国投资有限责任公司(China Investment Corp)转移资金。具体时间尚不确定，但经济学家估计，其中多达1000亿美元可能已于第一季度转到中投。中投的资本金总额为2000亿美元。
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Second, the PBoC's accounts give some clues that further piles of foreign exchange are being parked at commercial banks. “Other foreign assets”, a line item on the central bank's accounts that has barely budged in four years, began rising in August last year. Anecdotal evidence suggests commercial banks may be meeting PBoC reserve requirements by accumulating foreign currency. Stone & McCarthy estimate that 75 per cent of the rise in reserve requirements may have been dollar denominated. On that basis, reserve hikes in January and March meant about $42.5bn further accumulation of foreign assets in the first quarter.
其次，中国人民银行的账户提供了一些线索，即额外增加的外汇被放在了商业银行。央行账户上的“其它外国资产”项4年来几乎没有变动，但从去年8月份开始上升。坊间证据显示，商业银行可能正通过累积外币，来达到央行的存款准备金率要求。Stone & McCarthy估计，在存款准备金的增加额中，有75%可能是以美元的形式。在此基础上，今年1月和3月上调准备金率意味着，今年第一季度又累积约425亿美元的外汇资产。
There are other complicating factors. It is unclear, for example, how much marked-to-market gains are included in the reserves figure. But all in, the actual rate of reserves accumulation in the first quarter might be up to $100bn higher than the published number suggests. There is reason to be spooked by this. Rising hot money inflows, which are largely a bet on renminbi appreciation, show that Beijing's capital controls are inadequate. Already China's claims on the US equate to about one-third of China's gross domestic proct, estimates economist Brad Setser. How much longer it can accumulate foreign assets to absorb inflows is questionable.
还有其它一些复杂的因素。例如，目前尚不清楚，外汇储备数据中包括多少以市价标价的增加额。但总之，今年第一季度外汇储备的实际增加额，可能比公布的数字高出多达1000亿美元。人们有理由对此感到担心。热钱流入的不断加速表明，中国政府的资本管制是不够的。这些热钱主要是押注人民币升值。经济学家布拉德•塞斯特(Brad Setser)估计，中国的外汇储备已占中国国内生产总值(GDP)的三分之一左右。在累积外国资产以吸收资金流入方面，中国还能坚持多久，这一点令人感到怀疑。
② 谁能给我提供些关于汇率变化的最新资料，要英文的，感谢大家了，急呢！！
受汇率影响最大的应该是银行业，因为很多外债由于汇率的波动，凭空蒸发
③ 求关于人民币汇率的英文文献，用中文翻译出来大概5000字左右。谢谢
币种 现价 最高 最低 涨跌幅 欧元/美元 1.3904 1.3923 1.3728 0.89% 美元/日元 94.25 95.25 93.96 -0.34% 英镑/美元 1.5844 1.5890 1.5516 0.62% 美元/瑞郎 1.0927 1.1054 1.0916 -0.61% 美元/加元 1.1355 1.1481 1.1348 -0.47% 澳元/美元 0.7781 0.7801 0.7668 0.52% 欧元/日元 131.02 131.48 129.83 0.49% 美元/人民币 6.8245 6.8250 6.8238 -0.01% 港币/人民币 0.8803 0.8804 0.8801 -0.01%
④ 关于人民币汇率变动带来的影响，外文文献，要英文原文和中文译文，2篇，尽快，谢谢
5月25日，第二轮中美战略与经济对话在北京闭幕，在这个对话中，人民币升值预期退后，那么人民币升值对中国的经济有什么影响呢？
人民币升值问题确实是一个复杂而现实的问题，是一把双刃剑。只有审时度势，把握好利弊，才能有理有力有节地从容应对。
人民币汇率升值给我国经济增长造成的负面影响不容忽视。
第一，抑制出口增长，人民币汇率升值将对我国出口企业特别是劳动密集型企业造成冲击。第二，将导致外债规模进一步扩大。第三，不利于我国引进境外直接投资。第四，影响金融市场的稳定。第五，巨额外汇储备将面临缩水的威胁。第六，增加就业压力。在当前我国就业形势极其严峻的情况下，人民币汇率升值将可能恶化就业形势。
但同时人民币升值也给我们带来许多有利的方面。一是人民币汇率升值，将会降低进口成本，从而使得进口量增加；二是有利于改善吸引外资的环境，人民币汇率升值，可使已在华投资的外资企业的利润增加，从而增强投资者的信心，促使其进一步追加投资或进行再投资。三是有利于减轻外债还本付息压力。
权衡利弊来看、人民币汇率还是不宜升值
对于目前的国际货币体系现状，《环球财经》总编辑、中国人民大学国际货币研究所副所长向松祚先生用三句话概括国际货币体系的现状：美元依然主导、欧元面临挑战、人心向往多元。
此次由美国次贷危机衍生而来的国际金融危机，暴露了国际货币体系的一系列缺陷：
一、现行国际货币体系与国际金融合作机制，严重滞后于经济全球化和金融一体化的过程二、国际货币体系中缺少信息预警体系；三、对衍生金融工具市场疏于监管；四、IMF鼓励推行金融自由化与资本市场开放政策，新兴市场国家不适当地加速这一进程；五、IMF行动迟缓，提供资金的能力有限，贻误将金融危机消灭于初期阶段的有利时机
目前国际货币体系存在诸多的问题，那么它未来的改革趋势将是怎么样的呢？我们可以从三个视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。（一）从国际储备货币视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。1.重新修复以美元为主导的国际储备体系，但是，这种格局并没有改变此次金融危机中所呈现出来的一系列国际货币体系的缺陷。 2.美元逐步失去中心地位，国际储备货币多元化 3.创造一种新的超主权国际储备货币（二）从国际收支不平衡的调整机制看未来国际货币体系安排 1.全球储蓄率结构“再平衡”2.新兴市场经济发展模式“再平衡”（三）从国际资金流动与全球治理看未来国际货币体系安排已经高度全球化的金融市场，客观上需要一个更能够同时体现发达国家和发展中国家利益、更公平、更合理的治理结构。
⑤ 求关于人民币汇率的外文文献
可以到OA图书馆查询到，输入英文关键词即可。
并可以免费下载。
⑥ 需要一篇外国经济学家关于汇率的文章的英语原文！！！
Treasury Loosens Pressure on China Over Exchange Rate
By EDMUND L. ANDREWS
Treasury Secretary John W. Snow, who has been pressuring China for two months to permit its currency to float more freely against the dollar, adopted a conciliatory tone on Thursday, saying neither China nor any other country was manipulating its exchange rate.
In a long-awaited report delivered to the Senate Banking Committee, Mr. Snow pleaded for a continuation of ''financial diplomacy'' and rebuffed lawmakers in both parties who want to impose retaliatory tariffs on China if it refuses to let its currency rise in value against the dollar.
''I think we've really got their attention,'' Mr. Snow said. ''I think the financial diplomacy here of the sort that we are engaged in is the surest course to get the result we want.''
But Republican and Democratic senators complained that the Bush administration had painted too rosy a picture. They said China and other Asian countries had intervened heavily in financial markets to keep their currencies cheap and give their procts an unfair trade advantage.
China's exchange rates have become an explosive political issue in the last year. American manufacturers have angrily complained that the Chinese yuan is artificially undervalued by about 40 percent, giving Chinese exports to the United States an unfair trade advantage over American procts.
A cheaper currency makes a nation's procts less expensive in other countries. China has kept the value of the yuan locked at a fixed exchange rate to the dollar since 1994.
Chinese imports, like clothing, toys and consumer electronics, have been flooding into the United States for several years. Last year, America's trade deficit with China reached $105 billion -- bigger than the trade deficit with Japan or the European Union.
Administration officials have been openly alarmed about the political consequences of that deficit.
American manufacturing companies have cut more than two million jobs in the last three years, and many companies have either started buying procts from Chinese procers or begun moving their factories to China.
Mr. Snow began turning up the heat on China and other Asian countries in September. With support from European leaders, Mr. Snow persuaded the Group of 7 instrialized countries to explicitly endorse more flexible exchange rates -- a direct signal to China as well as Japan, Taiwan and South Korea.
Other administration officials have stepped up criticism of China's trade practices. Commerce Secretary Donald L. Evans, on a trip to China this week, bluntly warned that leaders in Beijing were moving ''far too slowly'' toward an open market economy.
''Our patience is wearing thin,'' Mr. Evans said.
But Treasury officials do not want to force China into an overnight shift in policy, worrying that such a move could hurt American companies that import low-cost Chinese goods and could also wreak havoc with China's troubled banking system.
The upshot has been an often contradictory approach in which officials berate China on one day and then try gentle persuasion the next.
In its report on Thursday, the Treasury Department acknowledged that China maintains a fixed exchange rate, and it said China should move as quickly as possible to base its exchange rates more on the market. But it said that neither China nor any other countries were technically manipulating their currencies.
''A currency peg or intervention does not in and of itself satisfy the statutory test'' for constituting ''manipulation,'' the report said.
That conclusion, though not unexpected, received a frosty reception from both Republicans and Democrats. Senator Paul S. Sarbanes, Democrat of Maryland, displayed charts showing that China alone had bought $111 billion in foreign reserves in the last year, a move that many economists say was intended to keep the value of its currency from rising.
Senator Elizabeth Dole, Republican of North Carolina, said she was ''disappointed that this Treasury report fails to acknowledge the seriousness of the problem.''
Senator Dole is among several lawmakers pushing for legislation that would impose stiff tariffs on Chinese imports into the United States that would be comparable to the amount that its currency was deemed to be artificially undervalued.
Senator Charles E. Schumer, Democrat of New York, asserted that the Treasury Department's report was a whitewash that failed to acknowledge China's well-documented efforts to keep its exchange rate from rising.
''It treats China with kid gloves when it should be taking the gloves off,'' Mr. Schumer said.
⑦ 有谁知道哪里有写美元汇率波动的主要因素和海尔集团海外营销的现状与对策分析的英文文章没篇不少于5000字
汇率波动:
http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038(199104)57%3A4%3C1061%3ARAMCOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P
(这个例子中的波动原因和美国的一样!你抄下来就行了!)
海尔:
http://www.china-review.org/News/manage/image/42173332.doc
走出去,坐稳,争上游的海外营销策略与现状!
reference里有更多关于海尔在海外的现状!
给分吧!嘎嘎
⑧ 求关于人民币汇率变动带来的影响，外文文献，要英文原文和中文译文
去万方找找看
⑨ 汇率方面的英文参考文献 最少来3个 谢谢 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
汇率
在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。
通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。
汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。
所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。
交叉汇率
所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。
举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
⑩ 急求一篇关于人民币汇率变动的英文文献，要英文原文和中文翻译，翻译要5000字以上，跪谢各位大神了。。
5000字，Hell no!!