Ⅰ 关于“汇率”的论文（字数3000）
基于人民币升值的出口企业汇率风险分析
[摘 要] 中国加入WTO六年多以来，对外贸易发展迅速，越来越多的企业走向国际市场。自2005年7月的汇率改革开始，人民币汇率仍然一路走高，已经进入“6”时代，出口企业将面临更大汇率风险。本文就三个层次分析了出口企业面临的汇率风险，并就如何利用金融衍生工具提出了出口企业面对汇率风险所应采取的措施。
[关键词] 人民币升值 出口企业 汇率风险 金融衍生工具
一、引言
中国加入WTO后，贸易大国的地位不断提升。2008年7月4日，人民币对美元汇率中间价为6.8529，一举创出年内第五十一个新高。至此，人民币对美元汇率中间价较2007年底累计升值近6.2%。目前，中国出口企业亦正以积极方式应对汇率风险。中国人民银行货币政策司的调查显示，中国企业汇率避险方法较汇率改革之前更加多样，对汇率波动的适应性也有所增强。
二、出口企业的汇率风险
汇率风险，是指经济实体、个人因外汇汇率波动而导致的以外币计价的资产或负债的价值发生变化的可能性。汇率风险包括：交易风险、折算风险、经济风险。
1.交易风险，运用外币进行计价收付的交易中，经济主体因外汇汇率的变动而蒙受损失的可能性。交易风险主要发生在：(1)商品劳务进口和出口交易中的风险。(2)资本输入和输出的风险。(3)外汇银行所持有的外汇头寸的风险。
2.折算风险，又称会计风险，指经济主体对资产负债表的会计处理中，将功能货币转换成记账货币时，因汇率变动而导致账面损失的可能性。这里的功能货币指经济主体与经营活动中流转使用的各种货币，记账货币指在编制综合财务报表时使用的报告货币，通常是本国货币。
3.经济风险，又称经营风险，指意料之外的汇率变动通过影响企业的生产销售数量、价格、成本，引起企业未来一定期间收益或现金流量减少的一种潜在损失。
三、人民币升值条件下的汇率风险分析
本币升值时，使以出口为主、外币资产高的行业和依靠价格策略竞争的行业面临很大的汇率风险。汇率风险正在成为企业的“新成本”。
人民币升值对进口比重高、外债规模大的行业而言是长期利好，但对出口为主、外币资产高的行业冲击较大。丝、纺织服装、农产品加工等行业，附加值低，利润本来就薄，最容易受到人民币升值的影响。资料显示，人民币每升值1%，纺织行业销售利润率下降2%～6%。
人民币升值对那些主要依靠价格策略竞争的企业影响是巨大的，如家电行业，但对家电各子行业的影响程度不同，从轻到重依次是空调、照明、手机和彩电子行业；资料显示，家电企业在签订出口订单时普遍采取闭口合同的形式，短期内对各公司的出口盈利情况存在明显的负面影响；长期来看，一方面,家电出口企业同国际家电巨头和经销商之间的讨价还价能力有限，使得每次升值后出口价格的上升幅度达不到人民币的升幅；另一方面，调价行动总是在人民币升值以后；所以出口利润水平将长期受到压制；另外，人民币升值将使得以出口为主要市场的中小家电企业的生存环境进一步恶化
四、出口企业应对汇率风险的措施
企业规避汇率风险的关键是要选择合理的避险工具和产品。其中包括与交易对手通过协议方式直接锁定汇率风险，或者选用银行的衍生避险工具如远期结售汇及人民币掉期业务，使用贸易融资、衍生交易、定期存款等产品。
1.争取非美元报价和缩短报价有效期锁定交易风险。国外进口商一般多以美元结算，在人民币对美元升值的预期环境下，他们也更乐意使用美元支付。但是我们要让客户体谅我们的难处，用欧元或日元报价，争取实现更多客户接受非美元报价。将以前正常情况下1～3个月报一次价缩短到10天至15天，期满再根据实际汇率调整价格。此外，签订出口合同时，在外贸合同中加注有关条款，规定若遇汇率变动超过一定的幅度，事先约定汇率变动引起损失的分担比例，使得损失风险双方共担。
2.远期结售汇锁定会计风险。针对人民币快速升值的情况，可以运用汇率方面的金融工具管理风险。具体的方法有远期外汇交易、货币期权、汇率期货等金融工具固定成本或收益来规避汇率风险。企业采取远期结售汇的方法，企业可以对未来将要发生的外汇收支提前敲定汇价。结售汇业务不需要支付任何手续费，只需要申请企业提供交易金额3％的保证金。只要结汇价格高于预期的升值幅度，那就可以成功规避人民币升值的风险。
Ⅱ 求关于人民币汇率变动带来的影响，外文文献，要英文原文和中文译文
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Ⅲ 人民币汇率对外贸影响的外文文献（论文用）
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Ⅳ 关于和外汇有关的文章 要中英文都有的，急用 谢谢
企业国际化战略对财务管理的挑战与创新2006年12月01日 星期五 下午 03:51——专访上海国家会计学院副院长谢荣
新理财(以下简称“新”)：从TCL2002年收购德国施耐德电器、联想收购IBM全球PC业务、海尔美国公司和康佳美康公司在美国的设立，到不少企业在香港、纽约等地成功上市，中国部分企业已经在实施“走出去”战略，您认为中国企业国际化战略的目标是什么?
谢荣(以下简称“谢”)国际化战略主要指商品市场和各类生产要素资源配置的国际化。实施国际化战略的一个主要原因是各国各类资源优势的不同和企业管理能力的不同，通过各类资源要素和管理能力要素跨国界的配置，使企业的能力得到最充分的发挥，使国际社会获得更多的财富。在过去20 多年改革实践中，我国企业的国际化战略主要体现在引进国外资本、技术和管理经验促进生产能力的提高和促进市场体系的发展等方面。随着我国企业生产能力、管理能力的快速发展和增强，企业实施“走出去”的国际化战略已成为提高企业可持续发展能力的一个重要手段和途径。
企业实施“走出去”战略的基本目标是：
(1)通过扩大产品市场，提高企业的生存和发展空间。
利用地方资源优势、低成本优势和特定的技术优势，通过有规模的产品出口来扩大企业的生存和发展空间，常常是企业“走出去”战略最直接的目标。而实施这种战略的企业要求必须保持产品的生产优势。
(2)利用资源的国际配置，提高企业的资本投资回报或生产投资回报。
通过积极走向国际市场和国际范围内的资源配置来提高资本投资回报或生产投资回报，实现企业的长期可持续发展，通常是企业“走出去”战略的根本目标。而实施这一战略的企业常常需要较高的管理能力、规范的企业运作和较熟悉国际市场。
新：想到部分行业近期在国内大打价格战，以及与国外相比国内商业信用的相对缺失，您认为企业走国际化道路是否与此有关？
谢：企业真正的竞争优势来源于两个方面：战略定位和运营的有效性。部分行业，比较有代表性的是家电行业，由于大部分企业都没有独特的战略定位，仅仅想靠运作的效率来战胜对手，最后会导致两败俱伤。在这种情况下，如果希望依赖国际化来降低价格竞争的程度，实质上很难达到所期望的效果。因此，我认为价格战是促进国际化的一个因素，但国际化战略必须与企业本身的战略定位结合起来。国内商业信用与成熟市场相比相对缺失，这也是一个不争的事实。实质上，商业信用的缺失与公司缺乏远景、价值观，以及由此产生的战略定位也有直接的关系。一个具有远景战略的公司一定会重视价值观和商业道德。在可能的情况下，也会利用国际市场的机会，促进战略目标的实现。所以我国商业信用的相对缺失本身不会成为推动国际化发展的主要原因，相反，国际化战略的发展则会促进我国商业信用的改进。
新：“走出去”成为国际化公司，对不少中国企业而言，是一个踏遍荆棘依然好梦难圆的痛苦历程。作为财会专家，您认为在企业国际化战略中财务应发挥什么样的作用？
谢：随着信息技术的发展，财务人员已经从传统的繁重的核算任务中解脱出来了。根据现代企业的发展，财务人员应该更多地在发展战略的制定和执行上为企业做出贡献。现代战略理论与实务的发展也告诉我们，企业战略的制定和实施需要整个公司员工的参与，特别是高层财务主管的积极参与。就国际化战略而言，由于其独特的复杂性和重要性，财务人员首先应积极参与对国际市场宏观环境包括国际政治、经济、社会和技术发展环境等的分析和行业环境分析，以确保战略决策的制定建立在科学基础之上，并有效地控制战略风险对企业财务的影响。其次，财务人员应积极参与国际化战略的实施，特别是相关业务的发展与国际化融资、投资和财务管理之间的联系。如果收购作为达成战略目标的一种手段，则需要财务人员参与收购目标的选择，对被收购对象的尽职调查，在尽职调查基础上的估值，与被收购对象的谈判，以及筹措财务资源完成收购交易等。
在整个国际化战略进程中，财务人员需要发挥作用的另一个重要方面就是监督。现代企业管理的发展已经表明监督并不仅仅是对财务资源的监督，它需要财务人员结合企业战略目标，识别出实现企业目标的关键成功要素(Critical Success Factors，CSFs)，从而设计关键业绩指标(Key Performance Indicators，KPIs)，并对关键业绩指标实施监控，以确保企业战略目标的实现。
新：进入国际市场有多种方式可供选择：可利用中间商，也可以直接向国外出口；可以打出自己的品牌，也可先做OEM；可通过出口方式占领目标市场，也可采取跨国投资的方式在当地生产。间接出口、直接出口、跨国直接投资，这几种国外市场进入方式各有利弊。您认为企业应当如何选取适合自己的进入方式？对财务管理有何影响？
谢：企业选择进入国际市场的方式受许多因素的影响。正如我刚才强调的，企业国际化必须与其本身的远景战略相联系，同时还要与其竞争战略相联系。就业务层面的竞争战略来说，企业需要就具体业务考虑是成本领先、差异化，还是采用集中战略；就公司层面的战略来说，企业需要考虑是采用国际本土化、全球化，还是全球化与本土化的结合。
在以上考虑的基础上，企业需要选择具体的进入国际市场的方式。最初，产品出口是较好的选择，因为不需要在国外进行制造专业能力的投入，只需要在分销上投资。出口、许可协议和战略联盟是较好的早期市场的发展方法。
如果要在国际市场上取得更为有利的地位，就需要收购和建立全新的子公司，这一般出现在国际化战略的后期阶段。在有些情况下，各种不同的方式可能被依次使用，从出口到全新子公司；在另一些情况下，在不同的市场使用不同的几种(但不是全部)进入方式。最终选择的方式将是行业竞争条件、国家环境、政府法规和本公司独特的资源、能力和核心竞争力等因素结合的结果。
至于进入方式对财务管理的影响，适合早期阶段的进入方式，本质上并没有对企业运营产生实质上的影响，增加的主要是销售信用和外汇风险管理。适合后期阶段的进入方式对财务的影响是全面的，要求企业以集团财务管理的方法和技术来应对各种风险。
新：不少中国企业已经成功在海外上市，有的实现了国际兼并和收购，这些企业将被“逼”着按照国际通行规则运营和发展，您能否结合公司治理谈谈这方面的情况？
谢：公司治理的基本特点主要有：(1)强调公司股东，特别是机构投资者和中小投资者，应积极参与公司重大决策，对公司施加影响；(2)强调董事会作为股东的代表应负责公司发展战略的制定，并监督管理层对战略的落实；(3)强调董事会的独立性，董事会应包含较多的独立董事；(4)强调董事会(特别是董事会下属的审计委员会)对虚假财务报告的监督。
随着中国部分企业成功地在海外上市，有的实现了国际兼并和收购，这些企业将按照国际通行规则运营和发展。这就要求这些企业必须重视投资者关系的管理；建立负责、高效的董事会；使董事会在企业发展战略方面发挥更强的作用；向董事会提供全面、必要的信息，以利于董事会的有效监督；成立全部由独立董事组成的审计委员会监督虚假财务报告。
中国国际化的企业在形式上达到以上这些要求并不难，但关键是在实质上满足这些要求。最近就发生过我国有些企业聘任的海外独立董事辞职的事件。这一事件表明：国际投资者要求我国国际化的企业在实质上达到公司治理的“国际化”。在这方面，我们的企业还有很长的路要走。
新：国际化会带来一系列会计和财务管理方面的问题，各国的文化、记账币种、会计准则、财务制度等也都不同，这些都对企业财务提出了新的和更高的要求，您认为财务应如何应对这些变化？
谢：国际化确实带来了一系列会计和财务管理方面的问题。最主要的是不同货币汇率差异和波动带来的财务风险。同时，由于会计准则和财务制度的不同，也会带来财务报告编制的难度和风险。
对于汇率风险，要求财务人员加强汇率风险防范知识包括衍生金融工具知识的学习，准确把握汇率风险管理的目标，提高风险的识别、分析和控制能力，并对整个汇率风险管理的有效性提供及时的信息沟通和监督。
对于会计准则和财务制度的不同，要求财务人员必须理解所在地的会计准则和财务制度。目前各个国家和地区的会计准则有向国际会计准则趋同的趋势，而且很多国家和地区的监管机构和资本市场也认可按照国际会计准则编报的财务报告。因此，国际化不但要求财务人员熟悉所在地的会计准则和财务制度，而且还要掌握国际会计准则，能够按照国际会计准则编报财务报告。
新：几年前，中国人着手国际并购几乎闻所未闻。过去一年间，这一切开始改变 “猎物”成了“猎手”。从2004年12月开始，联想、海尔、中海油和中石油的一系列交易和竞标，标志着中国加入了全球并购浪潮。但中国企业的海外并购战略面临一些重大的风险，这些企业又缺少海外运营经验，这些都是需要考虑的问题。请您就此谈谈您的看法。
谢：中国企业近几年积极加入全球并购浪潮是与中国这几年经济的持续发展分不开的，但在海外并购战略方面，中国企业面临着一些重大的风险，主要包括政治风险、经济风险和管理风险。
政治风险指一个国家政局是否稳定、法制是否健全、国家发展的基本政策是否正确。由于国际化战略涉及的投资金额大、影响周期长，为确保投资的安全和有效，必须首先考虑政治风险。
经济风险主要是指汇率、利率、税率和资源等方面的风险，汇率、利率等的波动会对投资收益产生重大影响，因而必须随时跟踪其变化趋势、评估其影响程度和制定应对措施。
管理风险是指国际化战略制定和实施过程中的风险。根据美国科尔尼公司的统计，大约只有20%的并购案实现了预期目标，其余80% 的并购多以失败而告终(2006.1.1 经济观察报)。管理上的风险要求企业加强战略和流程的管理，塑造核心竞争力，并且能够将核心竞争力转移到其他市场。
新：由于世界各地文化、税务和贸易制度差异较大，实施国际化战略的企业很难对其海外子公司的业绩进行评估，很显然企业需要考虑转移价格的因素和子公司在各地的不同情况，您能谈谈这方面的情况吗？
谢：各地制度和文化的差异常常导致海外子公司的发展处于不同的环境之中，而企业对不同地点子公司发展策略的整体考虑和安排又会导致各地子公司的发展不平衡和业绩不一致，因而对海外子公司的评估不能用简单统一的指标予以衡量。有效的评估方法是将子公司的考核评估与企业对其的整体战略安排结合起来，当设立某一子公司的目的主要是为进入某一市场时，就应以市场份额的大小作为评估主要的指标；当收购兼并某地区一家公司的目的主要是为获取其有效技术和产品设计开发能力时，就不能简单地以利润作为评估指标。由于大型跨国企业集团的战略是全球一体化的，因而对各地子公司的考核评估必须要与公司的整体战略相协调。
新：在全球化进程中，市场竞争的焦点是人才的竞争。中国企业的国际化战略需要相应的高素质人才来支持，您认为中国企业实施“走出去”战略需要什么样的财务管理人员？财务人员应从哪些方面提高素质以适应国际化战略的需要?
谢：综上分析，中国企业实施 “走出去”战略需要的是战略型、经营型的财务人员，他们必须理解企业的整体战略，并且积极为制定正确的战略目标贡献力量；他们能对公司战略的有效实施提供积极的支持，为公司经营目标的实现创造有利的条件；他们能对公司目标的实现情况进行有效的评估，以客观考核各地子公司的经营业绩和对公司战略目标提出调整建议。同时，他们还要明了国际化战略与公司远景战略之间的联系，能够进行有效的行业分析、对目标收购公司进行估值，需要熟悉现代风险管理技术，需要理解和运用国际会计准则以及所在地的会计准则等等。
为了满足这些要求，财务人员应该从以下几个方面提高素质以满足国际化的战略的需要：(1)要过语言关。国际化战略需要掌握多种综合技能的财务人员。如果没有良好的外语水平，将难以了解国际前沿的理论与实务，国际化也就无从谈起了。(2)掌握战略管理的理论与实务。现代财务人员单纯理解财务会计已经远远不够了，需要尽快吸收近几年的蓬勃发展的战略管理理念和管理实务。(3)掌握全面的风险管理理论与实务。企业传统的着重于流程的内部控制正在被全面风险管理理念与实务所取代，财务人员只有在理解了全面风险管理的理念与实务的基础上，才能够结合本企业的实际，设计和实施关键成功要素与关键业绩指标，并识别、分析和应对本企业所面临的关键风险。(4)掌握现代财务分析方法，特别是对企业价值的评估方法。(5)掌握国内、国际和经营所在国的会计准则，能够编制符合相关法律法规要求的财务报告。
总之，国际化战略对财务人员提出了更高层次的挑战，财务人员必须从各方面更新自己的知识结构和技能才能够胜任新的角色 (《新理财》 )
International Enterprise strategy for financial management challenges and innovation on December 1, 2006 Friday afternoon 03 : 51 -- interview with the Shanghai National Accounting Institute in Ljubljana, vice president of the new fiscal (hereinafter referred to as "new") : TCL2002 years from the acquisition of German Schneider Electric, Lenovo's purchase of IBM's global PC business. American companies Haier and Konka Kang U.S. companies established in the United States, many enterprises in Hong Kong, New York and other successful listing Some Chinese enterprises have been in the implementation of the "going out" strategy. Do you think the internationalization of Chinese enterprises strategic What is the objective? Ljubljana (hereinafter referred to as "Xie") international strategy mainly refers to commodity markets and various factors of proction allocation of resources on an international scale. Implementation of the international strategy is a major cause of all the resources of all kinds of different strengths and capabilities of enterprise management, through various essential resources and management capacity factor of the cross-border distribution, the ability to enable enterprises to the fullest play, enable the international community to get more of the wealth. In the past 20 years of reform and practice, China's international strategy is mainly reflected in the introction of foreign capital, technology and management experience for the improvement of proctivity and promote the development of the market system, and so on. As China's proction capacity and management capability of rapid development and strengthening, enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy of internationalization has become enhance capacity for sustainable development as an important means and ways. Enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy is the basic objectives : (1) by expanding the proct market, enhancing the survival and development space. Use of local resources, and low-cost advantages and specific technical advantages, adoption of a large scale domestic enterprises to expand exports to the existence and development space, often enterprises "going out" strategy the most direct target. And the implementation of this strategy requires enterprises to maintain the proction advantages. (2) Use of the international allocation of resources, and improving the return on capital investment or proction of investment returns. Through active international market and within the scope of the international allocation of resources to improve return on capital investment or proction of investment returns, realize the long-term sustainable development, usually enterprises "going out" strategy in the fundamental objectives. And the implementation of this strategy in enterprises often requires a higher level of management capacity, and standardized the operation of enterprises and more familiar with the international market. New : think of some instries in the recent domestic feverish price war, in comparison with foreign countries and domestic commercial credit the relative missing, Do you think enterprises take the path of internationalization to do with this? Xie : enterprise real competitive advantage comes from two aspects : strategic positioning and operating effectiveness. Some instries, which are more representative of the home electrical appliance instries, as most enterprises are not unique strategic positioning, just rely on the efficiency to beat his opponent, and will eventually lead to both parties. In such circumstances, if the wish to rely on the international price competition to rece the extent of, in essence, it is very difficult to achieve the desired results. Therefore, I think the price war is the promotion of an international factors, But the international strategy with the corporate strategy of positioning itself together. Domestic commercial credit Compared with the mature markets is relatively scarce, this is an indisputable fact. In essence, the lack of commercial credit and lack of vision, values, and the resulting strategic positioning has a direct relationship. With a strategic vision of the company would be about values and ethics. In the situation, the international market will also use the opportunity to promote the strategic goal. So our commercial credit the relative lack itself is not going to become international in 2001, on the contrary, International strategy will be to promote the development of our commercial credit improvements. New : "going out" to become an international company, and many Chinese enterprises, is a plodding thorns still dreams will not come true history of suffering. As accounting experts, what do you think are the business strategies of the international financial should play what role? Xie : With the development of information technology, financial officers from the traditional heavy task for the accounting of extricating themselves. According to the modern enterprise development, financial officers should be more strategic in the development of the formulation and implementation of enterprise contribution. Modern strategic theory and practice of development also tells us that enterprise strategy formulation and implementation of the entire company staff, particularly in senior financial managers for their active participation. On the international strategy, because of its unique complexity, and importance of, First, financial officers should be actively involved in the international market macroeconomic environment, including international political, economic, social and technological development of environmental analysis and environmental instries, to ensure that the strategic decision to establish the scientific basis and the effective risk control strategies for enterprise financial impact. Secondly, financial officers should be actively involved in the internationalization of the implementation of the strategy, especially related to business development and international financing, investment and financial management of the linkages between them. If the acquisition as a strategic goal of reaching a means, the need for staff to participate in the sale of the financial goals of the choice, to be the targets of acquisition, e diligence, e diligence on the basis of valuation, and were the targets of acquisition talks and raising the financial resources to complete the acquisition transactions. Throughout the strategy of internationalization process, and financial officers need to play a role in another important aspect is supervision. Modern enterprise management has shown the development and supervision of financial resources is not only the right supervision, It needs financial officers in conjunction with enterprise strategic goals, identify target enterprises the key success factors (Critical Success Factors. CSFs), thus the design of key performance indicators (Key Performance Indicators. KPIs), and the implementation of key performance indicators for monitoring to ensure that the corporate strategy objectives. New : to enter the international market in a number of ways are available : the use of brokers may, or may directly to the foreign exports; can establish their own brand, but also to do the OEM; can be occupied by the export target markets, could also take the form of transnational investment in local proction. Indirect export, direct exports, foreign direct investment, access to foreign markets Several methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Do you think the business should be selected for their entry? On the impact of financial management? Xie : Enterprise chose to enter the international market by many factors. As I emphasized earlier, the internationalization of enterprises have their own vision of strategic links while its competitive strategy linked. On the operational level of competition strategy, enterprises need to consider the specific operational cost is a leading difference, or a focused strategy; on the corporate level strategy, enterprises need to consider is using international localization, globalization, globalization and localization of the combination. In the basis of the above considerations, the choice of the specific needs of enterprises to enter the international market of the way. Initially, the procts for export is a better choice, because you do not need to engage in foreign investment in professional capacity, only need to invest in distribution. Export, licensing agreements and strategic alliances is a good early market approach to development. If it is to be achieved on the international market is more favorable position on the need to purchase and the establishment of new subsidiaries, This usually appear in the international strategy in the late stages. In some cases, different means may be used were from the export of new subsidiaries; In some other cases, in different markets using several different (but not all) ways to enter. The final choice is the way of competitive conditions, the National Environment, the government regulations, and the company's unique resources, capability and core competitiveness of the combined factors of the results. As for the right way to enter the financial management, suitable for early stages of the entry way, Basically, there is no operation of enterprises have an actual effect, the increase in sales is mainly credit and foreign exchange risk management. For the late stages of the right way to enter the financial impact is comprehensive, Group requests to the financial management methods and techniques to deal with all kinds of risks. New : many Chi
Ⅳ 关于人民币汇率变动带来的影响，外文文献，要英文原文和中文译文，2篇，尽快，谢谢
5月25日，第二轮中美战略与经济对话在北京闭幕，在这个对话中，人民币升值预期退后，那么人民币升值对中国的经济有什么影响呢？
人民币升值问题确实是一个复杂而现实的问题，是一把双刃剑。只有审时度势，把握好利弊，才能有理有力有节地从容应对。
人民币汇率升值给我国经济增长造成的负面影响不容忽视。
第一，抑制出口增长，人民币汇率升值将对我国出口企业特别是劳动密集型企业造成冲击。第二，将导致外债规模进一步扩大。第三，不利于我国引进境外直接投资。第四，影响金融市场的稳定。第五，巨额外汇储备将面临缩水的威胁。第六，增加就业压力。在当前我国就业形势极其严峻的情况下，人民币汇率升值将可能恶化就业形势。
但同时人民币升值也给我们带来许多有利的方面。一是人民币汇率升值，将会降低进口成本，从而使得进口量增加；二是有利于改善吸引外资的环境，人民币汇率升值，可使已在华投资的外资企业的利润增加，从而增强投资者的信心，促使其进一步追加投资或进行再投资。三是有利于减轻外债还本付息压力。
权衡利弊来看、人民币汇率还是不宜升值
对于目前的国际货币体系现状，《环球财经》总编辑、中国人民大学国际货币研究所副所长向松祚先生用三句话概括国际货币体系的现状：美元依然主导、欧元面临挑战、人心向往多元。
此次由美国次贷危机衍生而来的国际金融危机，暴露了国际货币体系的一系列缺陷：
一、现行国际货币体系与国际金融合作机制，严重滞后于经济全球化和金融一体化的过程二、国际货币体系中缺少信息预警体系；三、对衍生金融工具市场疏于监管；四、IMF鼓励推行金融自由化与资本市场开放政策，新兴市场国家不适当地加速这一进程；五、IMF行动迟缓，提供资金的能力有限，贻误将金融危机消灭于初期阶段的有利时机
目前国际货币体系存在诸多的问题，那么它未来的改革趋势将是怎么样的呢？我们可以从三个视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。（一）从国际储备货币视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。1.重新修复以美元为主导的国际储备体系，但是，这种格局并没有改变此次金融危机中所呈现出来的一系列国际货币体系的缺陷。 2.美元逐步失去中心地位，国际储备货币多元化 3.创造一种新的超主权国际储备货币（二）从国际收支不平衡的调整机制看未来国际货币体系安排 1.全球储蓄率结构“再平衡”2.新兴市场经济发展模式“再平衡”（三）从国际资金流动与全球治理看未来国际货币体系安排已经高度全球化的金融市场，客观上需要一个更能够同时体现发达国家和发展中国家利益、更公平、更合理的治理结构。
Ⅵ 求关于人民币汇率的外文文献
可以到OA图书馆查询到，输入英文关键词即可。
并可以免费下载。
Ⅶ 英语毕业论文 人民币汇率和外贸企业的转型 求相关文献
Since system reforms China from putting one new wheel RMB into practice on July 21 , 2005 converging, RMB is always in the state appreciating , there is existing many-sided effect in economy to Chinese foreign trade. Active and negative influence the main body of a book has been summarized mainly to our country foreign trade after RMB appreciates, since appreciating as well as Chinese foreign trade current situation. One, exchange rates for the Renminbi against other currencies appreciates to affect to our country foreign trade active 1. After cost beneficial to entering port lessening RMB appreciates, the import commodity price will pay go down , cost and cost paying in entrance link recing our country import commodity identical extent happened. Our country entrance depends on higher instry of degree having petroleum , gas , iron and steel , aviation , power equipment etc. mainly , RMB appreciates that the entrance cost using a batch of business is reced , the gain situation improving relevance instry then, helps very much to economic development. 2. Turn around beneficial to driving foreign trade to increase way 3. Terms of trade beneficial to improving 4. Estate beneficial to driving a part to utter shifts toward central and western regions 5. Trade beneficial to relieving rubs 6. Beneficial to Chinese enterprise "steps out 2. Be harmful for our country to attract foreign funds 3. Employment pressure enlarges messenger our country 4. Agriculture of our country will be confronted with bigger challenge 5. Bring different effect to different effect each instry Three, since exchange rates for the Renminbi against other currencies appreciates Chinese foreign trade current situation 1. Behaviour converging to change queen our country foreign trade: Active balance continues expanding 2. Trade of cause our country current situation and the tradition trade theory that active balance expands are the exact opposite , investigating whose cause is the condition there being existing a lot of what other country not have various in our country mainly. Have the following mainly 4 o'clock: (1), that processing trade holds main body position is the root cause that active balance expands (2) Chinese price of labour power is cheap be that the long range keeps the main cause exporting advantage (3), various preferential measure is to promote the key factor uttering (4) export enterprise manage the main body diversification trend is to export the system guarantee continuing increase by Ask questions person: Oh I agile agile- answer 2 together Chinas one step other since RMB putting one new wheel into practice on July 21 , 2005 converges to make reformation, RMB is always in the state appreciating , there is existing many-sided effect in economy to Chinese foreign trade. Active and negative influence the main body of a book has been summarized mainly to our country foreign trade after RMB appreciates, since appreciating as well as Chinese foreign trade current situation. One, exchange rates for the Renminbi against other currencies appreciates to affect to our country foreign trade active 1. Will may identical extent go down happened in the import commodity price after cost beneficial to entering port lessening RMB appreciates,cost and cost paying in entrance link recing our country import commodity. Our country entrance depends on higher instry of degree having petroleum , gas , iron and steel , aviation , power equipment etc. mainly , RMB appreciates that the entrance cost using a batch of business is reced , the gain situation improving relevance instry then, helps very much to economic development. 2. Turn around beneficial to driving foreign trade to increase way 3. Terms of trade beneficial to improving 4. Estate beneficial to driving a part to utter shifts toward central and western regions 5. Trade beneficial to relieving rubs 6. Beneficial to Chinese enterprise "steps out 2. Be harmful for our country to attract foreign funds 3. Employment pressure enlarges messenger our country 4. Agriculture of our country will be confronted with bigger challenge 5. Bring different effect to different effect each instry Three, since exchange rates for the Renminbi against other currencies appreciates Chinese foreign trade current situation 1. Behaviour converging to change queen our country foreign trade: Active balance continues expanding 2. Trade of cause our country current situation and the tradition trade theory that active balance expands are the exact opposite , investigating whose cause is the condition there being existing a lot of what other country not have various in our country mainly. Have the following mainly 4 o'clock: (1), that processing trade holds main body position is that the root cause (2) Chinese price of labour power that active balance expands is cheap is that the long range keeps the main cause exporting advantage (3), various preferential measure is to promote the key factor uttering (4) export enterprise manage the main body diversification trend is to export the system guarantee continuing increase by
Ⅷ 汇率方面的英文参考文献 最少来3个 谢谢 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
汇率
在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。
通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。
汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。
所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。
交叉汇率
所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。
举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
Ⅸ 需要一篇外国经济学家关于汇率的文章的英语原文！！！
Treasury Loosens Pressure on China Over Exchange Rate
By EDMUND L. ANDREWS
Treasury Secretary John W. Snow, who has been pressuring China for two months to permit its currency to float more freely against the dollar, adopted a conciliatory tone on Thursday, saying neither China nor any other country was manipulating its exchange rate.
In a long-awaited report delivered to the Senate Banking Committee, Mr. Snow pleaded for a continuation of ''financial diplomacy'' and rebuffed lawmakers in both parties who want to impose retaliatory tariffs on China if it refuses to let its currency rise in value against the dollar.
''I think we've really got their attention,'' Mr. Snow said. ''I think the financial diplomacy here of the sort that we are engaged in is the surest course to get the result we want.''
But Republican and Democratic senators complained that the Bush administration had painted too rosy a picture. They said China and other Asian countries had intervened heavily in financial markets to keep their currencies cheap and give their procts an unfair trade advantage.
China's exchange rates have become an explosive political issue in the last year. American manufacturers have angrily complained that the Chinese yuan is artificially undervalued by about 40 percent, giving Chinese exports to the United States an unfair trade advantage over American procts.
A cheaper currency makes a nation's procts less expensive in other countries. China has kept the value of the yuan locked at a fixed exchange rate to the dollar since 1994.
Chinese imports, like clothing, toys and consumer electronics, have been flooding into the United States for several years. Last year, America's trade deficit with China reached $105 billion -- bigger than the trade deficit with Japan or the European Union.
Administration officials have been openly alarmed about the political consequences of that deficit.
American manufacturing companies have cut more than two million jobs in the last three years, and many companies have either started buying procts from Chinese procers or begun moving their factories to China.
Mr. Snow began turning up the heat on China and other Asian countries in September. With support from European leaders, Mr. Snow persuaded the Group of 7 instrialized countries to explicitly endorse more flexible exchange rates -- a direct signal to China as well as Japan, Taiwan and South Korea.
Other administration officials have stepped up criticism of China's trade practices. Commerce Secretary Donald L. Evans, on a trip to China this week, bluntly warned that leaders in Beijing were moving ''far too slowly'' toward an open market economy.
''Our patience is wearing thin,'' Mr. Evans said.
But Treasury officials do not want to force China into an overnight shift in policy, worrying that such a move could hurt American companies that import low-cost Chinese goods and could also wreak havoc with China's troubled banking system.
The upshot has been an often contradictory approach in which officials berate China on one day and then try gentle persuasion the next.
In its report on Thursday, the Treasury Department acknowledged that China maintains a fixed exchange rate, and it said China should move as quickly as possible to base its exchange rates more on the market. But it said that neither China nor any other countries were technically manipulating their currencies.
''A currency peg or intervention does not in and of itself satisfy the statutory test'' for constituting ''manipulation,'' the report said.
That conclusion, though not unexpected, received a frosty reception from both Republicans and Democrats. Senator Paul S. Sarbanes, Democrat of Maryland, displayed charts showing that China alone had bought $111 billion in foreign reserves in the last year, a move that many economists say was intended to keep the value of its currency from rising.
Senator Elizabeth Dole, Republican of North Carolina, said she was ''disappointed that this Treasury report fails to acknowledge the seriousness of the problem.''
Senator Dole is among several lawmakers pushing for legislation that would impose stiff tariffs on Chinese imports into the United States that would be comparable to the amount that its currency was deemed to be artificially undervalued.
Senator Charles E. Schumer, Democrat of New York, asserted that the Treasury Department's report was a whitewash that failed to acknowledge China's well-documented efforts to keep its exchange rate from rising.
''It treats China with kid gloves when it should be taking the gloves off,'' Mr. Schumer said.