① 求 一篇關於外貿，外匯儲備之類的英文文章！！
中國外匯儲備今年首季再增
China's build up of FX reserves
Lex
Friday, April 25, 2008
China's foreign exchange reserves rose by $154bn ring the first quarter, a record even by the country's own impressive standards. Yet there are some clues that this may understate the build up of foreign assets, in turn suggesting 「hot money」 flows into China have accelerated and that holding down the exchange rate is getting harder.
今年第一季度，中國外匯儲備增長1540億美元，即便按照中國驚人的增長標准，這也是一個創紀錄的數字。然而，一些跡象表明，這可能還低估了外匯資產的增長，進而說明「熱錢」湧入中國的速度有所加快，而壓低匯率的難度正不斷加大。
China has not yet published a full set of current and capital accounts for the first quarter. That leaves the reserves number as the best proxy. There are two reasons to believe that it understates the position. First, the People's Bank of China is transferring funds to China Investment Corp, the fledgeling sovereign wealth fund with a $200bn kitty. The timing is unclear, but economists estimate that up to $100bn of that target could have been shifted to CIC in the first quarter.
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中國尚未發布今年第一季度經常賬戶及資本賬戶的整套數據。外匯儲備數據因此成為了最佳分析替代。之所以說該數據低估了目前的形勢，原因有兩點：首先，中國人民銀行(PB0C)正向新成立的主權財富基金中國投資有限責任公司(China Investment Corp)轉移資金。具體時間尚不確定，但經濟學家估計，其中多達1000億美元可能已於第一季度轉到中投。中投的資本金總額為2000億美元。
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Second, the PBoC's accounts give some clues that further piles of foreign exchange are being parked at commercial banks. 「Other foreign assets」, a line item on the central bank's accounts that has barely budged in four years, began rising in August last year. Anecdotal evidence suggests commercial banks may be meeting PBoC reserve requirements by accumulating foreign currency. Stone & McCarthy estimate that 75 per cent of the rise in reserve requirements may have been dollar denominated. On that basis, reserve hikes in January and March meant about $42.5bn further accumulation of foreign assets in the first quarter.
其次，中國人民銀行的賬戶提供了一些線索，即額外增加的外匯被放在了商業銀行。央行賬戶上的「其它外國資產」項4年來幾乎沒有變動，但從去年8月份開始上升。坊間證據顯示，商業銀行可能正通過累積外幣，來達到央行的存款准備金率要求。Stone & McCarthy估計，在存款准備金的增加額中，有75%可能是以美元的形式。在此基礎上，今年1月和3月上調准備金率意味著，今年第一季度又累積約425億美元的外匯資產。
There are other complicating factors. It is unclear, for example, how much marked-to-market gains are included in the reserves figure. But all in, the actual rate of reserves accumulation in the first quarter might be up to $100bn higher than the published number suggests. There is reason to be spooked by this. Rising hot money inflows, which are largely a bet on renminbi appreciation, show that Beijing's capital controls are inadequate. Already China's claims on the US equate to about one-third of China's gross domestic proct, estimates economist Brad Setser. How much longer it can accumulate foreign assets to absorb inflows is questionable.
還有其它一些復雜的因素。例如，目前尚不清楚，外匯儲備數據中包括多少以市價標價的增加額。但總之，今年第一季度外匯儲備的實際增加額，可能比公布的數字高出多達1000億美元。人們有理由對此感到擔心。熱錢流入的不斷加速表明，中國政府的資本管制是不夠的。這些熱錢主要是押注人民幣升值。經濟學家布拉德•塞斯特(Brad Setser)估計，中國的外匯儲備已佔中國國內生產總值(GDP)的三分之一左右。在累積外國資產以吸收資金流入方面，中國還能堅持多久，這一點令人感到懷疑。
② 誰能給我提供些關於匯率變化的最新資料，要英文的，感謝大家了，急呢！！
受匯率影響最大的應該是銀行業，因為很多外債由於匯率的波動，憑空蒸發
③ 求關於人民幣匯率的英文文獻，用中文翻譯出來大概5000字左右。謝謝
幣種 現價 最高 最低 漲跌幅 歐元/美元 1.3904 1.3923 1.3728 0.89% 美元/日元 94.25 95.25 93.96 -0.34% 英鎊/美元 1.5844 1.5890 1.5516 0.62% 美元/瑞郎 1.0927 1.1054 1.0916 -0.61% 美元/加元 1.1355 1.1481 1.1348 -0.47% 澳元/美元 0.7781 0.7801 0.7668 0.52% 歐元/日元 131.02 131.48 129.83 0.49% 美元/人民幣 6.8245 6.8250 6.8238 -0.01% 港幣/人民幣 0.8803 0.8804 0.8801 -0.01%
④ 關於人民幣匯率變動帶來的影響，外文文獻，要英文原文和中文譯文，2篇，盡快，謝謝
5月25日，第二輪中美戰略與經濟對話在北京閉幕，在這個對話中，人民幣升值預期退後，那麼人民幣升值對中國的經濟有什麼影響呢？
人民幣升值問題確實是一個復雜而現實的問題，是一把雙刃劍。只有審時度勢，把握好利弊，才能有理有力有節地從容應對。
人民幣匯率升值給我國經濟增長造成的負面影響不容忽視。
第一，抑制出口增長，人民幣匯率升值將對我國出口企業特別是勞動密集型企業造成沖擊。第二，將導致外債規模進一步擴大。第三，不利於我國引進境外直接投資。第四，影響金融市場的穩定。第五，巨額外匯儲備將面臨縮水的威脅。第六，增加就業壓力。在當前我國就業形勢極其嚴峻的情況下，人民幣匯率升值將可能惡化就業形勢。
但同時人民幣升值也給我們帶來許多有利的方面。一是人民幣匯率升值，將會降低進口成本，從而使得進口量增加；二是有利於改善吸引外資的環境，人民幣匯率升值，可使已在華投資的外資企業的利潤增加，從而增強投資者的信心，促使其進一步追加投資或進行再投資。三是有利於減輕外債還本付息壓力。
權衡利弊來看、人民幣匯率還是不宜升值
對於目前的國際貨幣體系現狀，《環球財經》總編輯、中國人民大學國際貨幣研究所副所長向松祚先生用三句話概括國際貨幣體系的現狀：美元依然主導、歐元面臨挑戰、人心嚮往多元。
此次由美國次貸危機衍生而來的國際金融危機，暴露了國際貨幣體系的一系列缺陷：
一、現行國際貨幣體系與國際金融合作機制，嚴重滯後於經濟全球化和金融一體化的過程二、國際貨幣體系中缺少信息預警體系；三、對衍生金融工具市場疏於監管；四、IMF鼓勵推行金融自由化與資本市場開放政策，新興市場國家不適當地加速這一進程；五、IMF行動遲緩，提供資金的能力有限，貽誤將金融危機消滅於初期階段的有利時機
目前國際貨幣體系存在諸多的問題，那麼它未來的改革趨勢將是怎麼樣的呢？我們可以從三個視角看未來的國際貨幣體系改革。（一）從國際儲備貨幣視角看未來的國際貨幣體系改革。1.重新修復以美元為主導的國際儲備體系，但是，這種格局並沒有改變此次金融危機中所呈現出來的一系列國際貨幣體系的缺陷。 2.美元逐步失去中心地位，國際儲備貨幣多元化 3.創造一種新的超主權國際儲備貨幣（二）從國際收支不平衡的調整機制看未來國際貨幣體系安排 1.全球儲蓄率結構「再平衡」2.新興市場經濟發展模式「再平衡」（三）從國際資金流動與全球治理看未來國際貨幣體系安排已經高度全球化的金融市場，客觀上需要一個更能夠同時體現發達國家和發展中國家利益、更公平、更合理的治理結構。
⑤ 求關於人民幣匯率的外文文獻
可以到OA圖書館查詢到，輸入英文關鍵詞即可。
並可以免費下載。
⑥ 需要一篇外國經濟學家關於匯率的文章的英語原文！！！
Treasury Loosens Pressure on China Over Exchange Rate
By EDMUND L. ANDREWS
Treasury Secretary John W. Snow, who has been pressuring China for two months to permit its currency to float more freely against the dollar, adopted a conciliatory tone on Thursday, saying neither China nor any other country was manipulating its exchange rate.
In a long-awaited report delivered to the Senate Banking Committee, Mr. Snow pleaded for a continuation of ''financial diplomacy'' and rebuffed lawmakers in both parties who want to impose retaliatory tariffs on China if it refuses to let its currency rise in value against the dollar.
''I think we've really got their attention,'' Mr. Snow said. ''I think the financial diplomacy here of the sort that we are engaged in is the surest course to get the result we want.''
But Republican and Democratic senators complained that the Bush administration had painted too rosy a picture. They said China and other Asian countries had intervened heavily in financial markets to keep their currencies cheap and give their procts an unfair trade advantage.
China's exchange rates have become an explosive political issue in the last year. American manufacturers have angrily complained that the Chinese yuan is artificially undervalued by about 40 percent, giving Chinese exports to the United States an unfair trade advantage over American procts.
A cheaper currency makes a nation's procts less expensive in other countries. China has kept the value of the yuan locked at a fixed exchange rate to the dollar since 1994.
Chinese imports, like clothing, toys and consumer electronics, have been flooding into the United States for several years. Last year, America's trade deficit with China reached $105 billion -- bigger than the trade deficit with Japan or the European Union.
Administration officials have been openly alarmed about the political consequences of that deficit.
American manufacturing companies have cut more than two million jobs in the last three years, and many companies have either started buying procts from Chinese procers or begun moving their factories to China.
Mr. Snow began turning up the heat on China and other Asian countries in September. With support from European leaders, Mr. Snow persuaded the Group of 7 instrialized countries to explicitly endorse more flexible exchange rates -- a direct signal to China as well as Japan, Taiwan and South Korea.
Other administration officials have stepped up criticism of China's trade practices. Commerce Secretary Donald L. Evans, on a trip to China this week, bluntly warned that leaders in Beijing were moving ''far too slowly'' toward an open market economy.
''Our patience is wearing thin,'' Mr. Evans said.
But Treasury officials do not want to force China into an overnight shift in policy, worrying that such a move could hurt American companies that import low-cost Chinese goods and could also wreak havoc with China's troubled banking system.
The upshot has been an often contradictory approach in which officials berate China on one day and then try gentle persuasion the next.
In its report on Thursday, the Treasury Department acknowledged that China maintains a fixed exchange rate, and it said China should move as quickly as possible to base its exchange rates more on the market. But it said that neither China nor any other countries were technically manipulating their currencies.
''A currency peg or intervention does not in and of itself satisfy the statutory test'' for constituting ''manipulation,'' the report said.
That conclusion, though not unexpected, received a frosty reception from both Republicans and Democrats. Senator Paul S. Sarbanes, Democrat of Maryland, displayed charts showing that China alone had bought $111 billion in foreign reserves in the last year, a move that many economists say was intended to keep the value of its currency from rising.
Senator Elizabeth Dole, Republican of North Carolina, said she was ''disappointed that this Treasury report fails to acknowledge the seriousness of the problem.''
Senator Dole is among several lawmakers pushing for legislation that would impose stiff tariffs on Chinese imports into the United States that would be comparable to the amount that its currency was deemed to be artificially undervalued.
Senator Charles E. Schumer, Democrat of New York, asserted that the Treasury Department's report was a whitewash that failed to acknowledge China's well-documented efforts to keep its exchange rate from rising.
''It treats China with kid gloves when it should be taking the gloves off,'' Mr. Schumer said.
⑦ 有誰知道哪裡有寫美元匯率波動的主要因素和海爾集團海外營銷的現狀與對策分析的英文文章沒篇不少於5000字
匯率波動:
http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038(199104)57%3A4%3C1061%3ARAMCOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P
(這個例子中的波動原因和美國的一樣!你抄下來就行了!)
海爾:
http://www.china-review.org/News/manage/image/42173332.doc
走出去,坐穩,爭上游的海外營銷策略與現狀!
reference里有更多關於海爾在海外的現狀!
給分吧!嘎嘎
⑧ 求關於人民幣匯率變動帶來的影響，外文文獻，要英文原文和中文譯文
去萬方找找看
⑨ 匯率方面的英文參考文獻 最少來3個 謝謝 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
匯率
在經濟學上，匯率定義為兩國貨幣之間兌換的比例。通常會將某一國的貨幣設為基準，以此換算金額價值他國幾元的貨幣。在英文使用方面，有時簡寫為FX，此為外國貨幣Foreign Exchange的簡寫。
通俗的說，是一國貨幣單位兌換他國貨幣單位的比率，也可以說是用一國貨幣表示的另一國貨幣的價格。
匯率的特性在於它多半是浮動的比率。只要貨幣能夠透過匯率自由交換，依交換量的多寡，就會影響隔天的匯率，因此，有人也以賺匯差營利，今日以較低的比率購進某一外幣，隔日等到較高的比率出現時，再轉手賣出。
所以有時匯率也能看出一個國家的經濟狀況。了解外匯也能看出這個國家的出口貿易狀況。
交叉匯率
所謂交叉匯率是指兩種不同貨幣之間的價格關系，兩個國家之間的貨幣匯兌是利用各自對美元的匯率套算得出。
舉例來看，若一美元可分別兌換0.8112歐元、109.28日圓，則歐元兌日圓的交叉匯率為134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
⑩ 急求一篇關於人民幣匯率變動的英文文獻，要英文原文和中文翻譯，翻譯要5000字以上，跪謝各位大神了。。
5000字，Hell no!!