⑴ 急求关于中小企业融资的外文参考文献
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
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Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper．
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and Credit Rationing in Cote D’Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
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incentives[J].In McCall,J.Ed.The economic of information uncertainty[M].
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of unquoted SMEs’capital structure[J].International Journal of the Economics
of Business，2000，(7):297-312．
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3(l):305-360．
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financial behavior of small and medium sized companies[J].Small Business
Economics，2000，14(l):55-63．
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and Japanese manufacturing corporations[J].FinancialManagement,1986(15):
5-16.
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corporate debt policy[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1986,
21:131-144.
[36]Lee Remmers.Instry and Size as Debt Ratio Determinants in Manufacturing
Internationally[J].Financial Management,summer.，2002(5),67-78．
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evidence[J].Midland Corporate Finance Journal，1985，(3):53-59．
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Finance，1982，(37):121-144．139
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Vietnam[J].Quaterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(4):1285-1320．
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and Evidence,Journal of Finance,1992,47:169-200.
[41]Ming fang Li&Roy L.S.Environmental dynamism，capital structure and
innovation:an empirical test[J].The International Journal of Organizational
Analysis，2002，(10):169-179．
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theory of investment[J].American Economic Review，1958(58),261-297．
[43]Mreton H.Miller.Debt&Taxes.The Journal of Finance,Vol.XXXII,No.2,
May 1977,pp.261~275．
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Economics5,1977，146-75．
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39(3):575-592.．
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firms have information that investors do not have[J].Journal of Financial
Economics，1984，13(l):187-221．
[47]Ng,Chee k.,J.K.Smith,R.I.Smith.Evidence on the Determinants of Credit
Terms Used in Interfirm Trade[J].Journal of Finance,1999,(54);1109-1129．
[48]Petersen,M.A.and R.G.Rajan.The Benefits of Lending Relationships:
Evidence from Small Business Data,the Journal of Finance,1994,XLIX,3-37.
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Review of Financial Studies,1997,Vol.10.No 3,661-691.
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Cambridge:AtThe University Press,1951．
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evidence from international data[J].Journal of Finance，1995，(l):1421-1461．
[52]RobertM Bowen,et al,1982,Evidence on The Existence and Determinants of
Inter-Instry Differences in Leverage[J].Financial Management.Winter:
10-20.
[53]Ross.The determination of financial structure:The incentive signaling
approach,Bell Journal of Economics,1977,Vol.8,p23-40．[54]Saring,Oded H...Bargaining with a Corporation and the Capital Structure of
Bargaining Firm[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(17).
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of Finance，1977，(32):1-19.
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financing,dividend and compensation Polices[J],Journal of Financial
Economics3,1992,20-27
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[58]Stultz R.Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies[J].Journal
ofFinancialEconomics,1990,(26):3-27．
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1977，(32):1467-1484.
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and Statistics，1975，(57):410-416.
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Finance，1988，43(3):567-591.
[65]William D．Bradford Creating Government Financing Programs for Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises in China[J].2004，234-245．
⑵ 求关于中小企业融资难的外文文献
维普等检索一下也可挖。大学图书馆也行
⑶ 急！中小企业融资的英文文献和翻译
除了下面给出的，你也可以看看我给其他人的回答
http://..com/question/98953036.html
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商业融资解决方案-比如银行外
2007年7月由Stephen布什
商业融资的借款人可能会认为，传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而，由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业，非传统（非银行）和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此，建议商业融资战略（如本文中讨论）是跳出本行“ 。
有几个商业融资情况下，商业借款人常常发现，非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人： （ 1 ）商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; （ 2 ）商业按揭贷款;和（ 3 ）信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下，传统的银行将提供商业融资，但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下，传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资，这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资，商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下，商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。
正如我在较早的商业融资的文章，在许多非竞争企业融资情况下，它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要，也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下，非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件，因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。
商业融资比如-比如银行外
企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序
大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人，以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金，他们可以比银行贷款，它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ，并找到非传统的贷款，以协助这个商业融资的需要。
商业融资两名-比如银行外
商业按揭贷款
两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款，可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法，传统的银行，以避免最特殊用途性质（如殡仪馆和教堂） 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法，大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款（这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下） 。这两种不良商业融资的情况，通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。
商业融资例3 -比如银行外
信用卡处理程序
选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务，可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商，才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时，它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力，在提供援助信用卡保理业务中，也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助，信用卡处理。
闭幕商业融资认为：我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行，以避免。应当指出的是，事实上，传统和非传统（非银行）贷款，应加以避免。因此，当借款人跳出商业银行“ ，它仍然是至关重要的，它们准备，以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资，尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支（信用卡应收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。
⑷ 关于中小企业融资的外文文献近五年的 急急急，求大神帮忙 带中文翻译 跪求大神
外文文献有，但翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要可以回复即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的
⑸ 急求互联网金融和中小企业融资相关的外文文献！
互联网金融的出现在一定程度上缓解了中小企业融资难问题,促进了中小企业发展.针对这种情况,本文将从中小企业融资中常见问题入手,结合导致中小企业融资难的原因,对互联网融资模式与优势以及中小企业应用互联网金融的方式展开研究,分析提高中小企业应用互联网金融的方法,以便为中小企业提供新的筹资渠道与万向.
⑹ 急求有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献
提供一些有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献，供写作参考。
[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) .
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 .
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, .
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) .
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 .
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, .
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, .
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, .
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .
⑺ 求一篇中小企业融资问题的外文文献，外文全文+翻译中文。一千字左右，
易轩外文有,轻松解决.楼主加油.
⑻ 【求助】求关于银行对中小企业贷款风险方面的外文文献原文及译文
去摆渡上查查啊
商业银行对中小企业贷款的风险与防范
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http://finance.sina.com.cn 2004年09月27日 11:36 中国经济时报
-张礼庆 黄平
目前，我国中小企业在国民经济发展中的作用和地位问题，越来越受到各方面的关注。由于中小企业的经营记录不够完全，财务信息可信度低，抵押物不足，经营风险大，因此，在有大企业进行选择的情况下，金融机构普遍不愿意对中小企业融资，无论是国内还是国外，中小企业融资难的现象都普遍存在。
一、对中小企业融资规律的认识
中小企业的融资需求，有其内在的规律，设计融资制度，必须对此做出深入的研究。
1、中小企业的融资需求动机
从宏观看，中小企业的融资需求决定于业主选择的分工状态，通过融资制度，使更多的产业组织测试成为可能。在这方面，中小企业的融资需求主要分为两类：一是创业需求，这是一种投资需求。其动机在于以劳动力市场的交易费用代替交易费用，然后得到成本节约的利益；二是发展融资的需求，这既包含交易动机，也包含投资动机。在发展的过程中，自有资金比例的下降，财务杠杆的上升，意味着用自有资金承担的风险相对降低，也意味着风险向社会的转移。从微观看，中小企业的融资需求取决于资本结构，在中小企业发展的不同阶段，以及不同治理结构、不同业主的中小企业，融资需求特征不一致，融资方式、融资总量的选择也不同。
2、中小企业的融资方式选择
不同组织结构的中小企业，融资方式选择的倾向性会有所差异，如非公司制企业通常选择间接融资，而合伙企业通常不会融资。所有制不同，也会对中小企业融资方式的选择产生影响，如国有中小企业通常依赖国有银行的融资，民营企业则较多的依赖于民间金融进行直接融资。
3、中小企业融资难点
从直接融资看，中小企业的融资难点在于信息不对称。由于直接融资方式要求资金的使用者通过信息批露及公正的会计、审计等第三者监督的方式来提高经营状况的透明度。信息不透明的程度越高，资金提供者要求的在让渡资金时所要求的风险补偿就越高。中小企业的信用记录缺乏，财务信息也可能不可靠，因而，在直接融资中，中小企业必须支付远远高于大企业的资金成本，这是中小企业难以通过上市公开募集资金的主要原因。
从间接融资看，站在银行角度考虑，中小企业的融资难点主要有以下几点：(1)中小企业数量多、类别复杂、单个贷款规模小，造成银行经营成本增加；(2)由于中小企业担保难，资信不够，抵押品种少，经营中抗风险能力弱，致使银行在风险机制约束下不愿涉足；(3)中小企业融资需求频率高，时间短，增加了银行的流动性管理困难；(4)中小企业为便于竞争不愿公开太多的内部信息，造成银行信用调查难，因而银行往往将中小企业拒之门外。
4、中小企业融资风险的控制
对中小企业融资，一方面，由于抵押物和担保品不足，融资风险本身较高；另一方面，逆向选择加大了中小企业的融资风险。因此，对中小企业的融资风险要有深入的认识。
从风险控制看，中小企业融资风险可以分为道德风险和非道德风险。所谓道德风险，指中小企业利用自己的信息优势损害投资者利益，从而导致的投资风险。所谓非道德风险，就是中小企业在经营活动中形成的风险，不同的中小企业经营目标取向和管理者才能有差异，风险收益也不会一样。非道德风险是可以预测的，也是可以通过融资制度的设计去分散并控制的。
从银行角度看，中小企业的道德风险较一般的大企业高，原因在于其贷款抵押物不足。其实，这只是由于符合银行偏好的抵押物不足。除了资产，中小企业还有很多替代担保品，如自有资本比率，企业自有资本比率越高，则其自身承担的风险就越高，对项目风险控制就越严格。
二、中小企业间接融资风险的解决办法
当前我国中小企业的状况，主要有以下几个特点：一是大部分企业没有真正建立起现代企业制度，体制不顺，机制不活，有的企业虽然进行了体制改革，但是名不符实；二是管理不规范，相当部分企业法人和管理人员素质有待提高。一些企业管理混乱，财务不实，报表失真，甚至依据不同的需要，随心所欲地编制或提供种种虚假报表；三是整体经济效益差，抗风险能力弱。主要是企业亏损面广，有的亏损额大，同时，企业的资本金少，固定资产规模小，可供贷款担保抵押的有效资产不足；四是资信状况差，一方面企业信用等级普遍不高，可供银行选择的优良客户不多，另一方面，部分企业信用意识淡薄，重贷轻还，随意拖欠贷款本息，有的甚至恶意逃债、赖债、废债，损坏了中小企业的形象，降低了中小企业的信用度。
在这种情况下，金融中介机构在发放贷款时必须控制风险，加强风险管理和流动性管理。
1、风险管理
⑴控制融资额度，不以融资需求为唯一标准。
中小企业间接融资的增加，意味着中小企业的经营风险向间接融资体系的转移。因而，银行等金融机构不能完全以中小企业融资需求作为决定贷款额度的唯一依据，而是要充分考虑到中小企业的自有资金状况和经营状况。一方面，可以根据中小企业生产经营中可以预见的收入流来估计其还贷水平并确定贷款额度；另一方面，银行可以根据中小企业自有资金数量确定一个贷款上限，只要融资总量没有超过自有资金的量，作为债权人的银行就没有承担主要风险，对中小企业的融资约束就可以相对放松。
⑵ 采用替代性的担保方式
抵押物不足和难以获得信用担保是中小企业融资的固有特征，应该考虑以替代的方式解决担保问题，这样，既可以满足银行经营管理中风险控制的要求，又适应了中小企业的现实情况，以下是集中替代性的担保方式：
① 变企业担保为个人担保。对于中小企业来说，由于其经营者和所有者在大多数情况下是统一的，因此将对企业的信贷转化为对个人的信贷基本上是一致的。但对银行的信贷管理则不同，个人信贷侧重于考察顾客的品格、声望、学历水平、金融历史记录、收入流和负债能力等，担保审查也比较宽松。从国外的金融实践来看，此类转变对激励客户还贷有积极作用，并有助于精简贷款手续，提高银行对融资需求的反应速度。
② 群体担保。由于族群关系，社区关系的存在，中小企业及其经营者往往存在一个关系相对密切的种族、宗族群体。由这些群体为中小企业提供担保，能有效减少监督成本甚至交易成本。这一方面是由于如果中小企业恶意逃债，而群体代位赔付，将导致中小企业及其经营者失去群体的支持，这是极其高昂的成本；另一方面，同一社区的成员常常十分了解各自的信用状况，人们会对加入者的信用状况做出谨慎选择，往往有意识地排除信用不好的人，降低了银行的筛选成本。
③ 强制储蓄。有的金融机构要求其贷款申请者事前参加储蓄计划，定期存入一定现金，并且在贷款未清偿前，不得退出储蓄计划，这实际是一种替代性的担保措施。这类强制储蓄措施在一定程度上也能起到督促还贷的作用。
④ 还贷激励。在借款者及时归还本息后会给予其一定的利息返还，以作为按时还本付息的鼓励，这也有助于鼓励中小企业的还贷行为，降低中小企业的贷款风险。
⑤ 利用政策性担保体系。当中小企业符合政策扶持要求，需要融资，但担保品不足时，政策性金融机构会为中小企业提供担保，以保障中小企业得到商业性金融机构的融资。如果风险确实发生，类似于中小企业基金之类的担保机构则会履行代位清偿职能，清偿商业银行部分本金，并承担追讨欠款的相应职责，这也一定程度上保证了商业银行资金的安全性。
⑶ 通过提供附加服务，增加收益。银行为中小企业提供综合性服务，一方面，可以扩大银行的盈利来源，另一方面，可以提高中小企业的竞争力，从而降低银行融资风险，增强银行的盈利能力。
2、流动性管理
⑴ 根据实际服务对象设计不同的贷款方式
针对中小企业的融资特点，根据不同中小企业特殊的现金流状况、支付频率，为其设计特殊的贷款方式及还款方式。国外金融机构为中小企业推出了形式多样的贷款方式，许多与消费信贷十分类似，这就满足了中小企业的特殊的交易性的资金需求，同时也便于银行进行流动性管理。
⑵ 通过强制储蓄、再贷款等手段进行流动性管理
由于强制储蓄是贷款量的等比例缩减，因此，可以减轻银行等金融机构现金支出的波动性。通过向大型商业银行再融资或者向中央银行再贷款，商业银行能进一步减轻中小企业融资需求的波动性给流动性管理带来的困难。
(作者单位：平安信托有限公司 西南财经大学中国金融中心)
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