㈠ 克魯格曼不可能三角的中國貨幣政策
美國財長斯諾訪華也傳達了同樣的觀點。他在接受采訪時說,中國要擴大對外開放,從中國自身的利益角度出發,應該實施由市場供求決定的靈活的匯率制度。政府不要干預過多,否則不可能存在比較獨立的貨幣政策。關於央行的此次緊縮銀根的行動,國內有看法認為,央行最終選擇提高准備金率來控制過快的國內信貸增長,這種選擇顯然受到我國盯住美元的匯率制度的約束,匯率穩定優先的考慮使得央行在一定程度上喪失了貨幣政策的獨立性。
事實上,目前中國貨幣政策並不具有完全的獨立性,目前我國M並不等於1。貨幣政策通過利率影響生產和消費的渠道並不暢通,沒有形成市場供求決定意義上的利率。按照「先利率,後匯率」的開放原則,利率的市場化比匯率放開更緊要。因此在中國建立一個有效的貨幣政策體系前,必須保持匯率穩定,以減少風險和波動。正如美國經濟學家羅伯特 蒙代爾所言,中國貨幣政策最大的成就就是保持了外匯穩定。外匯穩定已成為中國實施貨幣政策的重要基礎和指導方針。中國應當堅持穩定的匯率制度。如果人民幣匯率出現大幅度波動,將給中國經濟帶來許多不穩定因素,並很可能使中國重蹈20世紀七八十年代日本經濟衰退的覆轍。
㈡ 請結合蒙代爾不可能三角與香港聯系匯率制相關知 識,分析香港政府出現內外均衡調控兩難的原因
你結合矛盾而不可能三角以雙拱電視費電繫上關機時分時雙拱進互助縣內外,所以結婚時莫得而不可能三角。以雙廣電視費的計雙關機十分是雙孔敬府出身。另外這個結合磨得惡不補論。三,交易雙廣電視費吊裝關機時,所以分詞雙孔慶。愛的結合,慕的不可能。三角以聲光電和費電繫上關機時,
㈢ 中國經濟在挑戰不可能三角嗎
克魯格曼不可能三角克魯格曼不可能三角關於匯率政策與貨幣政策的協調問題,在20世紀60年代初,弗萊明和蒙代爾認為:資本的自由流動、貨幣完全獨立、匯率穩定三項目標中,一國政府最多隻能同時實現兩項。這一結論被後人稱為「蒙代爾三角」。克魯格曼在199B年初發表的一篇討論亞洲金融危機的文章中,也談到「蒙代爾三角」的問題,他稱之為「Theeternaltriangle」(永恆的三角形);國內學者易綱總結為「蒙代爾一克魯格曼不可能三角形」,並且提出X+Y+M=2定理。美國財長斯諾訪華也傳達了同樣的觀點。他在接受采訪時說,中國要擴大對外開放,從中國自身的利益角度出發,應該實施由市場供求決定的靈活的匯率制度。政府不要干預過多,否則不可能存在比較獨立的貨幣政策。關於央行的此次緊縮銀根的行動,國內有看法認為,央行最終選擇提高准備金率來控制過快的國內信貸增長,這種選擇顯然受到我國盯住美元的匯率制度的約束,匯率穩定優先的考慮使得央行在一定程度上喪失了貨幣政策的獨立性。事實上,目前我國貨幣政策並不具有完全的獨立性,目前我國M並不等於1。貨幣政策通過利率影響生產和消費的渠道並不暢通,沒有形成市場供求決定意義上的利率。按照「先利率,後匯率」的開放原則,利率的市場化比匯率放開更緊要。因此在我國建立一個有效的貨幣政策體系前,必須保持匯率穩定,以減少風險和波動。正如美國經濟學家羅伯特蒙代爾所言,中國貨幣政策最大的成就就是保持了外匯穩定。外匯穩定已成為中國實施貨幣政策的重要基礎和指導方針。中國應當堅持穩定的匯率制度。如果人民幣匯率出現大幅度波動,將給中國經濟帶來許多不穩定因素,並很可能使中國重蹈20世紀七八十年代日本經濟衰退的覆轍。
㈣ 在不可能三角中,新興國家面臨的問題主要在於什麼
在不可能三角中,新興國家面臨的問題主要在於那些改革之下的經濟是否得到發展,人們的生活是否得到改善。
「不可能三角」即一個國家不可能同時實現資本流動自由,貨幣政策的獨立性和匯率的穩定性。也就是說,一個國家只能擁有其中兩項,而不能同時擁有三項。
如果一個國家想允許資本流動,又要求擁有獨立的貨幣政策,那麼就難以保持匯率穩定。如果要求匯率穩定和資本流動,就必須放棄獨立的貨幣政策。
(4)匯率不可能三角中國擴展閱讀:
理論局限
「不可能三角」這一理論是高度抽象的,建立在嚴格假設條件的基礎上,即完全的資本自由流動、完全的貨幣獨立性和完全的匯率穩定,而沒有考慮中間情形。
盡管資本自由流動、貨幣政策非獨立性和固定匯率制度構成一組可行的政策選擇,但是這一組合在現實中有效的前提是一國擁有相應數量的外匯儲備。事實上,一國的外匯儲備總量再大,也難以應對規模龐大的國際游資。
此外,「不可能三角」隱含的假設是一國擁有發達的資本市場和貨幣市場,但是這在不少國家並不現實。
㈤ 蒙代爾不可能三角和特里芬之謎的關系
美聯儲若不大量發行美元,就無法彌補美國龐大的貿易赤字和對外投資;但如果大量發行,各國就會失去對這種貨幣的信任。這就是所謂的「特里芬之謎」。
而布雷頓森林體系的缺陷在於:
1、美元的清償能力和對美元的信心構成矛盾,表現為美元的國際貨幣儲備地位和國際清償力的矛盾、儲備貨幣發行國與非儲備貨幣發行國之間政策協調的不對稱性以及固定匯率制下內外部目標之間的兩難選擇等;
2、匯率體制僵硬,無法通過匯率浮動自動實現國際收支平衡,調節國際收支失衡的責任主要落在非儲備貨幣發行國一方,犧牲了它們的經濟發展目標。
綜上我們其實可以得出,布雷頓森林體系的確是在盡其所能實現不可能三角,但是並不是因為這樣才出現了特里芬之謎,而是因為特里芬之謎——這樣一個矛盾的存在使布雷頓森林體系的推進困難重重,最後導致崩潰,因此其因果關系應該是特里芬之謎導致布雷頓森林體系的崩潰,但是特里芬之謎並不是由布雷頓森林體系產生的。
如果還有疑問可以閱讀以下相關材料:
http://ke..com/view/1648635.htm?fr=ala0_1
http://ke..com/view/2050241.htm
http://hi..com/alvin_lian/blog/item/b1fe57906a163d8ba877a47f.html
㈥ 中國採取資本管制的匯率制度的弊端,和對未來中國外匯市場的展望
從人民幣匯率制度的選擇問題。目前我國實行可調整的盯住匯率制度。人民幣上升的壓力主要來自貿易順差,外匯儲備增加和入世後沒有像一些人所期望的一樣出現貿易逆差。日本最早提出人民幣升值的問題,以降低中國的出口速度。日本美國讓人民幣升值是想讓中國重蹈日本的覆轍,阻止中國的前進。中國市場沒有完全開放,貨幣缺乏一定的獨立性,資本市場同樣沒完全開放,不能實行浮動的匯率制度。匯率制度的選擇必須與市場的開放程度,貿易自由化程度相結合。
東南亞經濟逐步恢復,我國加入WTO,各種新的狀況不斷出現。經濟的發展推動制度的變遷,進入新世紀後,我國的經濟和金融快速發展,內地要求匯率制度向更有彈性的方向改變。我國正式加入WTO後,按照中國加入WTO後金融市場開放時間一覽表,可以預測,在未來的3—4年內,不管願意與否,人民幣利率和匯率都將實現市場化,我國外匯管理制度將完全由准外匯管理向宏觀間接外匯管理轉變,逐步實現資本賬戶下人民幣可自由兌換。在這種情況下,根據蒙代爾「不可能三角」理論,中國要想保持獨立的貨幣政策就必須放棄實際實行的匯率制度(單一貨幣釘住),而轉向更加靈活的匯率制度。所以,入世後現階段人民幣匯率制度的選擇無非是貨幣當局在實際中重歸真正的管理浮動匯率制。
另外,一些發展中國家的經驗表明,由實行相當一段時間的固定匯率制度轉向較為靈活的匯率制度,既是可取的也是可行的。因此,中國在逐步放開資本項目管制的同時,應該積極尋求平穩實現靈活匯率的途徑,並確定中長期的目標。
目前,要增加匯率制度的靈活性,我們必須大大加快人民幣匯率市場形成的改革,加快外匯市場的培育。中國目前外匯交易主體主要是國內的商業銀行,交易幣種主要是美元、日元各港幣。外匯交易形式主要是現貨交易,人民幣的遠期交易市場和期貨交易市場尚未開展。所以,首先應該給銀行更多自主權,建立銀行、企業間外匯市場,擴大外匯交易主體,允許外貿企業直接進入外匯市場,提高外匯交易規模。為達到這一目的,必須改革目前的銀行結售匯制度,進一步放寬對經常項目下的外匯限制,包括允許企業保留更多外匯,即提高有外貿業務的企業保留外匯的比例直至取消強制性的銀行結售匯制度,放寬對旅遊等外匯匯總數額的限制。
㈦ 蒙代爾的三元悖論或不可能三角英文是什麼
三元悖論,也稱三難選擇,它是由美國經濟學家保羅·克魯格曼就開放經濟下的政策選擇問題所提出的,其含義是:本國貨幣政策的獨立性,匯率的穩定性,資本的完全流動性不能同時實現,最多隻能同時滿足兩個目標,而放棄另外一個目標。根據蒙代爾的三元悖論,一國的經濟目標有三種:1、各國貨幣政策的獨立性;2、匯率的穩定性;3、資本的完全流動性。 這三者,一國只能三選其二,而不可能三者兼得。例如,在1944年至1973年的「布雷頓森林體系」中,各國「貨幣政策的獨立性」和「匯率的穩定性」得到實現,但「資本流動」受到嚴格限制。而1973年以後,「貨幣政策獨立性」和「資本自由流動」得以實現,但「匯率穩定」不復存在。「永恆的三角形」的妙處,在於它提供了一個一目瞭然地劃分國際經濟體系各形態的方法。
根據三元悖論,在資本流動,貨幣政策的有效性和匯率制度三者之間只能進行以下三種選擇:
(1)保持本國貨幣政策的獨立性和資本的完全流動性,必須犧牲匯率的穩定性,實行浮動匯率制。這是由於在資本完全流動條件下,頻繁出入的國內外資金帶來了國際收支狀況的不穩定,如果本國的貨幣當局部進行干預,亦即保持貨幣政策的獨立性,那麼本幣匯率必然會隨著資金供求的變化而頻繁的波動。利用匯率調節將匯率調整到真實反映經濟現實的水平,可以改善進出口收支,影響國際資本流動。雖然匯率調節本身具有缺陷,但實行匯率浮動確實較好的解決了「三難選擇」。但對於發生金融危機的國家來說,特別是發展中國家,信心危機的存在會大大削弱匯率調節的作用,甚至起到惡化危機的作用。當匯率調節不能奏效時,為了穩定局勢,政府的最後選擇是實行資本管制。
(2)保持本國貨幣政策的獨立性和匯率穩定,必須犧牲資本的完全流動性,實行資本管制。在金融危機的嚴重沖擊下,在匯率貶值無效的情況下,唯一的選擇是實行資本管制,實際上是政府以犧牲資本的完全流動性來維護匯率的穩定性和貨幣政策的獨立性。大多數經濟不發達的國家,比如中國,就是實行的這種政策組合。這一方面是由於這些國家需要相對穩定的匯率制度來維護對外經濟的穩定,另一方面是由於他們的監管能力較弱,無法對自由流動的資本進行有效的管理。
(3)維持資本的完全流動性和匯率的穩定性,必須放棄本國貨幣政策的獨立性。根據蒙代爾-弗萊明模型,資本完全流動時,在固定匯率制度下,本國貨幣政策的任何變動都將被所引致的資本流動的變化而抵消其效果,本國貨幣喪失自主性。在這種情況下,本國或者參加貨幣聯盟,或者更為嚴格地實行貨幣局制度,基本上很難根據本國經濟情況來實施獨立的貨幣政策對經濟進行調整,最多是在發生投機沖擊時,短期內被動地調整本國利率以維護固定匯率。可見,為實現資本的完全流動與匯率的穩定,本國經濟將會付出放棄貨幣政策的巨大代價。
The Mundell-Fleming model is an economic model first set forth by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. The model is an extension of the IS-LM model. Whereas IS-LM deals with economy under autarky, the Mundell-Fleming model tries to describe a small open economy.
Typically, the Mundell-Fleming model portrays the relationship between the nominal exchange rate and the economy output (unlike the relationship between interest rate and the output in the IS-LM model) in the short run. The Mundell-Fleming model has been used to argue that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. This principle is frequently called "the Unholy Trinity," the "Irreconcilable Trinity," the "Inconsistent trinity" or the Mundell-Fleming "trilemma."
Under flexible exchange rate regime
We speak of a system of flexible exchange rates when governments (or central banks) allow the exchange rate to be determined by market forces alone.
Typically this means governments (or central banks) announce an interest rate target which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency to maintain.
[edit] Changes in money supply
An increase in money supply will shift the LM curve to the right. This directly reces the local interest rate and in turn forces the local interest rate lower than the global interest rate. This depreciates the exchange rate of local currency through capital outflow. The depreciation makes local goods cheaper compared to foreign goods and increases export and decreases import. Hence, net export is increased. Increased net export leads to the shifting of the IS curve to the right to the point where the local interest rate will equalize with the global rate. This increases the overall income in the local economy.
A decrease in money supply will cause the exact opposite of the process.
[edit] Changes in government spending
An increase in government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift will cause the local interest rate to go above the global rate. The increase in local interest will cause capital inflow and the inflow will make the local currency stronger compared to foreign currencies. Strong exchange rate also makes foreign goods cheaper compared to local goods. This encourages greater import and discourages export and hence, lower net export. As a result, the IS will return to its original location where the local interest rate is equal to the global interest rate. The level of income of the local economy stays the same. The LM curve is not at all affected.
A decrease in government expenditure will reverse the process.
[edit] Changes in global interest rate
An increase in the global interest rate will cause an upward pressure on the local interest rate. The pressure will subside as the local rate closes in on the global rate. When a positive differential between the global and the local rate occurs, holding the LMB curve constant, capital will flow out of the local economy. This depreciates the local currency and helps boost net export. Increasing net export shifts the IS to the right. This shift will continue to the right until the local interest rate becomes as high as the global rate.
A decrease in global interest rate will cause the reverse to occur.
[edit] Under fixed exchange rate regime
We speak of a system of fixed exchange rates when governments (or central banks) announce an exchange rate (the parity rate) at which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency.
[edit] Changes in money supply
Under the fixed exchange rate system, the local central bank or any monetary authority will only change the money supply in order to maintain a level of exchange rate. If there is a pressure to appreciate the exchange rate, the local authority will increase its foreign reserve by purchasing foreign currencies with the local currency. This will return the exchange rate to its previous level. When there is a depreciation pressure, the authority will purchase its own currency in the market with its foreign reserve to return the currency to its pre-pressure state.
A revaluation occurs when there is a permanent increase in exchange rate and hence, decrease in money supply. Devaluation is the exact opposite of revaluation.
[edit] Changes in government expenditure
Increased government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift encourages the interest rate to go up and hence, appreciation of the exchange rate. However, the exchange rate is controlled by the local monetary authority in the framework of a fixed system. In order to maintain the exchange and alleviate the pressure on the exchange rate, the monetary authority will purchase foreign currencies with local currencies until the pressure is gone i.e. back to the original level. Such action shifts the LM curve in tandem with the direction of the IS shift. This action increases the local currency supply in the market and lowers the exchange rate — or rather, return the rate back to its original state. In the end, the exchange rate stays the same but the general income in the economy increases.
The reverse is true when government expenditure decreases.
[edit] Changes in global interest rate
To maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must offset the capital flows (in or out) which are caused by the change of the global interest rate to the domestic rate. The central bank must restore the situation where the real domestic interest rate is equal to the real global interest rate to stop net capital flows from changing the exchange rate.
If the global interest rate increases above the domestic rate, capital will flow out to take advantage of this opportunity. This would depreciate the home currency, so the central bank must buy the home currency and sell foreign currency reserves to offset this outflow. This decrease in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the left until the domestic interest rate is the global interest rate.
If the global interest rate declines below the domestic rate, the opposite occurs. Money flows in, the home currency would appreciate, so the central bank must offset this by increasing the money supply (sell domestic currency, buy foreign), the LM curve shifts right, and the domestic interest rate becomes the global interest rate.
[edit] Differences from IS-LM
It is worth noting that some of the result from this model differs from the IS-LM because of the open economy assumption. Result for large open economy on the other hand falls within the result predicted by the IS-LM and the Mundell-Fleming models. The reason for such result is because a large open economy has both the characteristics of an autarky and a small open economy.
In the IS-LM, interest rate will be the key component in making both the money market and the good market in equilibrium. Under the Mundell-Fleming framework of small economy, interest rate is fixed and equilibrium in both market can only be achieved by a change of nominal exchange rate.
[edit] Example
A much simplified version of the Mundell-Fleming model can be illustrated by a small open economy, in which the domestic interest rate is exogenously predetermined by the world interest rate (r=r*).
Consider an exogenous increase in government expenditure, the IS curve will shift upward, with LM curve intact, causing the interest rate and the output to rise (partial crowding out effect) under the IS-LM model.
Nevertheless, as interest rate is predetermined in a small open economy, the LM* curve (of exchange rate and output) is vertical, which means there is exactly one output that can make the money market in the equilibrium under that interest rate. Even though the IS* curve still shift up, it will result in a higher exchange rate and same level of output (complete crowding out effect, which is different in the IS-LM model).
The example above makes an implicit assumption of flexible exchange rate. The Mundell-Fleming model can have completely different implications under different exchange rate regimes. For instance, under a fixed exchange rate system, with perfect capital mobility, monetary policy becomes ineffective. An expansionary monetary policy resulting in an outward shift of the LM curve would in turn make capital flow out of the economy. The central bank under a fixed exchange rate system would have to intervene by selling foreign money in exchange for domestic money to depreciate the foreign currency and appreciate the domestic currency. Selling foreign money and receiving domestic money would rece real balances in the economy, until the LM curve shifts back to the left, and the interest rates come back to the world rate of interest i*.
㈧ 不可能三角的三種組合
根據「不可能三角」,一國在資本自由流動、貨幣政策獨立性和匯率穩定之間只能選擇以下三種政策組合。
第一,保持資本自由流動和貨幣政策獨立性,必須犧牲匯率穩定,實行浮動匯率制。比如,巴西、加拿大大體如此,在資本自由流動的條件下,頻繁進出的國內外資金將會導致國際收支狀況的不穩定。
第二,保持匯率穩定和貨幣政策獨立性,必須限制資本的自由流動,實行資本管制。對於許多發展中國家特別是那些發生金融危機的國家來說,相對穩定的匯率有助於保持對外經濟穩定,貨幣政策獨立性有助於調控國內宏觀經濟。
第三,保持資本自由流動和匯率穩定,必須放棄貨幣政策獨立性。比如,阿根廷或2000年前的許多歐洲國家,在資本自由流動時,在固定匯率制度下,貨幣政策效果將被引發的資本流動的變化所抵消。